中日环境犯罪比较研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 06:03

本文关键词： 环境刑事立法环境犯罪危险犯因果关系立法模式　出处：《中国海洋大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 文章通过进行中国与日本环境犯罪的立法对比,发现我国环境刑事立法中存在的诸多问题,为我国环境犯罪立法完善提供意见和建议。 20世纪,人类为了满足发展经济的需要,大肆掠夺自然资源,破坏自然环境,使得资源过度损耗,生态环境遭到严重污染,已经严重影响到人类未来的生存和发展。面对全球环境不断恶化、环境危机的日益严重,人们开始关注作为人类进行环境管治的最严厉措施和应对环境危机的最后手段—环境刑法,各国的立法者都在积极地建立、发展旨在协调经济发展和环境保护的法律制度。我国目前的环境刑事法律体系经历了从1979年刑法有关环境保护的罪行条款内容的规定,到2002年《刑法修正案(四)》的通过,已经有了很大的进步。但是仍然存在许多问题,使得我国的环境刑事立法不能适应环境犯罪的特殊性要求,不能解决现今环境状况日益恶化,环境犯罪案件不断增多的问题。需要进行加强与完善。日本就环境问题启动刑事立法开始于20世纪六、七十年代。二战后日本为了恢复战争对国家的损害,大力发展经济,随着经济的快速发展伴随而来的则是环境的恶化和公害事件的频繁发生,因而环境刑事立法在日本较早引起关注,并且其对环境刑法基本理念进行了革新,对我国环境刑法理论与立法有着重要的借鉴意义。通过从两国的环境犯罪的概念、环境犯罪的刑事立法模式、环境犯罪的刑罚、环境犯罪的犯罪构成(成立条件)四个方面进行了较为详尽的阐述和比较,在比较分析的基础上,提出了一些对我国环境刑事法律体系进行完善的可行的建议。在环境犯罪的概念问题上,提出环境犯罪应具备三个特征：一、违法性；二、社会危害性；三、应罚性,并且认为环境犯罪的概念应该重新构建,体现环境刑事立法保护环境法益的目的。在环境犯罪立法模式的问题上,提出我国应该采取刑法法典和附属刑法并重的环境犯罪立法模式。在环境犯罪刑罚的问题上,提出有必要重新构建我国环境刑法处罚体系,新的环境刑法处罚体系总的要求是刑罚措施与非刑罚措施并举。偏重非刑罚措施的使用。具体要求是一、重罚金刑,轻自由刑。二、增设新的资格刑。三、将公开悔过,责令补救等非刑罚措施上升到刑法的范畴实施。在环境犯罪的构成要件(成立条件)问题上,提出现代环境刑法的保护客体应该着眼于环境利益的保护,包括环境生态安全、自然人环境权益、单位环境权益、国家环境资源所有权和国家环境管理权；对传统的环境犯罪归责原则应该进行改进和修正,对环境犯罪归责原则可以适用推定责任原则,不应该适用严格责任；在污染环境犯罪中,应该适用新型的因果关系理论,并惩治危险犯。
[Abstract]:By comparing the legislation of environmental crime between China and Japan, this paper finds out many problems existing in our country's environmental criminal legislation, and provides advice and suggestions for the perfection of our country's environmental crime legislation. In 20th century, in order to meet the needs of economic development, human beings plundered natural resources, destroyed the natural environment, caused excessive depletion of resources and seriously polluted the ecological environment. Has seriously affected the future survival and development of mankind. In the face of the worsening of the global environment, the environmental crisis is becoming more and more serious. People begin to pay attention to environmental criminal law, which is the most severe measure of environmental governance and the last measure to deal with environmental crisis. The legislators of all countries are actively establishing and developing the legal system aimed at coordinating economic development and environmental protection. The current environmental criminal law system of our country has experienced great progress from the provisions of the criminal law on environmental protection in 1979 to the adoption of the Criminal Law Amendment (4) in 2002. However, there are still many problems. As a result, our environmental criminal legislation cannot adapt to the particularity of environmental crime, and can not solve the worsening environmental situation. Japan started criminal legislation on environmental issues on 20th century and 70s. In order to recover the damage caused by war to the country after World War II, Japan vigorously developed its economy. With the rapid development of economy, the deterioration of the environment and the frequent occurrence of public hazards have brought about the concern of the environmental criminal legislation in Japan, and its innovation of the basic concept of the environmental criminal law. It has important reference significance to our country's environmental criminal law theory and legislation. From the concept of environmental crime, the criminal legislation model of environmental crime, the penalty of environmental crime, the constitution of crime of environmental crime (the conditions of establishment), this paper elaborates and compares the four aspects in detail. On the basis of comparative analysis, some feasible suggestions are put forward to perfect our country's environmental criminal law system. With regard to the concept of environmental crime, it is proposed that environmental crime should have three characteristics: first, illegality; second, social harmfulness; third, punishment, and that the concept of environmental crime should be re-constructed. Embody the purpose of environmental criminal legislation to protect environmental law. On the issue of legislation mode of environmental crime, this paper puts forward that our country should adopt the legislative model of environmental crime with equal emphasis on criminal law code and subsidiary criminal law. On the issue of punishment for environmental crimes, it is necessary to rebuild the punishment system of environmental criminal law in our country. The general requirement of the new system of environmental criminal punishment is that both penal measures and non-penal measures should be carried out simultaneously, and that emphasis should be placed on the use of non-penal measures. The specific requirements are: first, heavier fines, less freedom. Second, add new qualification penalties. Third, they will openly repent. Order remedy and other non-penalty measures to the scope of criminal law to implement. With regard to the constitutive requirements of environmental crimes (conditions of establishment), it is proposed that the object of protection of modern environmental criminal law should focus on the protection of environmental interests, including environmental ecological security, environmental rights and interests of natural persons, and environmental rights and interests of units. The traditional principle of imputation of environmental crime should be improved and amended, the principle of presumed liability should be applied to the principle of imputation of environmental crime, and strict liability should not be applied. In the crime of polluting the environment, we should apply the new causality theory and punish the dangerous crime.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D924.3;D931.3

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