马基雅维利与威尼斯城市共和国宪政

发布时间：2018-02-15 09:50

本文关键词： 中世纪宪政城市共和国马基雅维利　出处：《华东政法大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文试图在中世纪末期欧洲社会由古代向现代转轨的背景下,以马基雅维利对威尼斯共和国的评价为线索,描绘出在由中世纪国家向现代民族国家转型时期欧洲思想界的宪政观念以及实践活动,并进而揭示其对后世的影响与贡献。全文的基本框架如下: 在简短的导言中,笔者说明了本文采用的宪政的基本立场与历史观点。随后文章分为三大部分。本文第一章考察了中世纪意大利城市共和国宪政的兴起过程、出现的问题以及作为城市共和国典型的威尼斯宪政模式。在以土地为基础的西欧中世纪的封建社会体系中,建立在商业之上的意大利城市共和国发展出了一套真实存在的共和政府体制。但是大多数城市共和国的宪政并没有处理好多元的社会阶层如何分享国家权力的问题。唯独威尼斯通过政治结构上的巧妙设计而一直保持着共和政体。随后本文介绍了威尼斯的宪政模式与政府运转,并在人文主义者的角度对其进行评价。本文第二章则是站在马基雅维利的视角对威尼斯共和国的宪政进行剖析,通过马基雅维利《论李维》中的罗马与威尼斯进行对比分析,进而探寻马基雅维利对威尼斯共和国的评价。在共和国的主人、共和国君主的作用以及共和国的目的三个方面的对比后,笔者发现,在马基雅维利笔下,威尼斯宪政模式与古罗马完全不同,威尼斯共和国的权力完全由商业贵族把持,只是一种守成型的国家,而共和国的使命在于扩张,因此其推崇古罗马式的宪政模式,极力否定威尼斯,认为威尼斯的成功只是单独案例。本文第三章分析了马基雅维利心目中理想的共和国宪政模式。该部分首先考察了马基雅维利所推崇古罗马模式的原因,中世纪末期的欧洲,传统的多元政治结构正在解体,新兴的君主专制与民族国家正在兴起。意大利的城市共和国普遍面临着内部平民与贵族的纷争,外部新兴的君主专制国家对意大利领土与财富的觊觎,危机重重。马基雅维利认为解决方式应该将共和国交由具有“新德行”的“新君主”。他鼓励意大利的独裁者应当重新建构共和国的宪政,使其恢复到最初的源头,而非彻底摧毁共和国。同时,他也认为人民拥有使用阴谋的权力以推翻僭主的统治的权利。最后,在结语中笔者认为中世纪末期的欧洲社会已经不具有传统城市共和国宪政模式存在的基础,因此马基雅维利提出的新宪政模式是特定社会条件下的产物,其对现代民族国家的宪政模式具有不可磨灭的影响。
[Abstract]:In the context of the transition of European society from ancient to modern in the late Middle Ages, this paper attempts to take Machiavelli's evaluation of the Republic of Venice as a clue. This paper describes the constitutional ideas and practical activities of European ideological circles during the transition from medieval countries to modern nation-states, and further reveals their influence and contribution to later generations. The basic framework of this thesis is as follows:. In the brief introduction, the author explains the basic position and historical viewpoint of constitutionalism adopted in this paper, and then the article is divided into three parts. The first chapter examines the rise of constitutional government in medieval Italian urban republics, the problems that arise and the typical Venetian constitutionalism model of urban republics. In the feudal social system of Western Europe based on land, The commercial-based Italian city republic has developed a real Republican system of government. But the constitutionalism of most city republics fails to deal with the question of how the pluralistic social class shares state power. Only Venice has maintained a republic by clever design of political structure. Then this article introduces the constitutional model of Venice and the operation of government. And from the point of view of humanists to evaluate it. The second chapter is to analyze the constitutionalism of the Republic of Venice from the angle of Machiavelli, and through the comparative analysis of Rome and Venice in Machiavelli. And then to explore Machiavelli's evaluation of the Republic of Venice. After comparing the masters of the Republic, the role of the monarch of the Republic and the purpose of the Republic, the author finds that in Machiavelli's works, The constitutional model of Venice is completely different from that of ancient Rome. The power of the Republic of Venice is completely controlled by the business nobles, and it is only a kind of country which is formed, and the mission of the Republic is to expand, so it values the constitutional model of the ancient Roman style. Strongly negate Venice, arguing that Venice's success is a single case. The third chapter analyzes Machiavelli's ideal constitutional model of the Republic. This part first examines the reasons for Machiavelli's worship of the ancient Roman model. In the end of the Middle Ages, the traditional pluralistic political structure is disintegrating in Europe. New autocratic monarchies and nation-states are emerging. Italy's urban republics are generally confronted with internal civil and aristocratic disputes, while outside monarchies covet Italy's territory and wealth. Crisis. Machiavelli believes that the solution should be to hand the Republic over to a "new monarch" with "new virtue". He encouraged Italian dictators to re-establish the republic's constitutionalism and restore it to its original origins. He also believed that the people had the power to use conspiracy to overthrow the tyrant. Finally, in the conclusion, the author thinks that the European society in the end of the Middle Ages no longer has the foundation of the traditional urban republic constitutional model, so Machiavelli's new constitutional model is the product of the specific social conditions. It has an indelible influence on the constitutional model of modern nation-state.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D95;DD911

【参考文献】