WTO框架下美国《清洁能源与安全法案》中国际储备配额计划的合规性分析

发布时间：2018-02-27 06:27

本文关键词： 《清洁能源与安全法案》国际储备配额计划环保贸易措施 WTO GATT第20条　出处：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 在发展经济的同时要维持好生态环境是每个国家都面临的难题,在全球大气变暖的趋势逐渐加大,恶劣的自然灾害不断涌现的今天,各国纷纷致力于寻找解决环境问题的方法。美国《清洁能源与安全法案》就如何控制温室气体减排提出了方案,并于2009年6月26日在众议院通过。该法案采取了一种市场化的温室气体调控方式,即总量限额交易制度,在这一制度下,美国对国内大型温室气体排放源设置了具有法律约束力并且逐年下降的总量限额,要求相关工业对其排放的每一吨温室气体都要持有相应单位的排放配额,这些配额可以进行交易和储存。法案主要由五部分组成,分别是“清洁能源”、“能源效率”、“减少全球变暖污染”、“向清洁能源经济转型”和“农业和造林的排放抵消”。法案的主要内容是促进可再生能源的发展,在电力和交通等方面推行低耗节能技术,制定各领域的能效计划,建立温室气体排放限额和交易体系,促进绿色就业机会、建立基金帮助一部分发展中国家获取清洁能源技术等。其中最具争议的是一项旨在对进口产品实施同样限排措施的国际储备限额计划。该计划授权美国环保局制定一个与国际储备配额有关的规章,对2020年1月1日之后对进入美国关税领土的覆盖商品适用国际储备配额措施。这项措施要求进口到美国的相关工业领域内的覆盖产品购买和提交一定数量的配额。本文便是针对这一措施,分析其在WTO框架下的合规性。本文共分为四个部分,第一部分是美国《清洁能源与安全法案》概述,主要介绍美国《清洁能源与安全法案》制定的背景与原因以及该法案的主要内容。其中重点分析了美国的国际储备配额计划的内容,并引出该计划所面临的合规性问题。第二部分是WTO对环保贸易措施的有关立法与实践,主要分析了WTO最惠国待遇原则、国民待遇原则、一般例外条款对环保贸易措施的相关要求及规定,通过对GATT时期和WTO时期与环保贸易措施有关的案例的评述,探讨了GATT第20条在实际运用中的发展。第三部分是依据GATT第20条(g)款对美国国际储备配额计划的分析,通过研究专家组和上诉机构在WTO/GATT的相关案例中对第20条(g)款具体内容的解释和认定,将其结论与美国的国际储备配额措施进行比对,从而判断该措施是否符合第20条(g)款的要求。第四部分是依据GATT第20条引言对美国国际储备配额计划的分析,通过研究第20条引言与子条款的关系及引言在具体案例中的运用,判断美国国际储备配额措施最终是否能得到GATT第20条的保护。在分析完各部分的内容后,最后得出美国国际储备配额计划在立法形式上符合WTO/GATT的要求这一结论。
[Abstract]:While developing the economy, it is a difficult problem for every country to maintain a good ecological environment. Today, the global warming trend is gradually increasing, and bad natural disasters are constantly emerging. Countries are working to find solutions to environmental problems. The Clean Energy and Security Act of the United States offers proposals on how to control greenhouse gas emissions. And passed in the House of Representatives on June 26th 2009. The bill adopted a market-oriented greenhouse gas regulation system, the cap-and-trade system, under which, The United States has set legally binding limits on domestic large greenhouse gas emissions sources that are falling year by year, requiring relevant industries to hold a corresponding unit emission quota for every ton of greenhouse gas emitted by them. These quotas can be traded and stored. The bill consists of five parts. They are "clean energy", "energy efficiency", "reducing global warming pollution", "transition to a clean energy economy" and "offsetting emissions from agriculture and afforestation." the main thrust of the bill is to promote the development of renewable energy, Promote low-energy and energy-efficient technologies in areas such as electricity and transport, develop energy efficiency plans in various areas, establish greenhouse gas emission quotas and trading systems, and promote green jobs, A fund to help some developing countries gain access to clean energy technologies. One of the most controversial is an international reserve cap scheme that would impose the same emission limitation measures on imports. The plan empowers the u. S. Environmental protection agency. Establishing a regulation relating to international reserve quotas, Application of the international reserve quota measure to covered goods entering the United States tariff territory after January 1st 2020. This measure requires the purchase and submission of certain quantities of quotas for covered products imported into the relevant industrial areas of the United States. This article is aimed at this measure, Its compliance under the framework of WTO is analyzed. This paper is divided into four parts. The first part is an overview of the Clean Energy and Security Act of the United States. This paper mainly introduces the background and reasons for the enactment of the Clean Energy and Security Act of the United States and the main contents of the Act, which focuses on the analysis of the contents of the international reserve quota plan of the United States. The second part is about the legislation and practice of WTO on environmental protection trade measures. It mainly analyzes the principle of WTO most-favoured-nation treatment and the principle of national treatment. The requirements and regulations of the general exception clauses on environmental protection trade measures, through the review of the cases related to environmental protection trade measures during the GATT period and the WTO period, This paper discusses the development of Article 20 of GATT in practical application. The third part is the analysis of the International Reserve quota Program of the United States according to Section 20 of GATT. By studying the interpretation and determination of the specific content of Article 20 by the panel of experts and the appellate bodies in the relevant cases of WTO/GATT, the conclusions are compared with the international reserve quota measures of the United States. Therefore, to judge whether the measure meets the requirements of Article 20 (g). Part 4th is based on the analysis of the United States International Reserve quota Plan in accordance with the introduction of Article 20 of the GATT, and through the study of the relationship between the introduction of Article 20 and the sub-clause and the application of the introduction in specific cases. After analyzing the contents of each part, the conclusion is drawn that the American international reserve quota plan conforms to the requirements of WTO/GATT in the form of legislation.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.6

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