外国官员在美国法院管辖豁免探析

发布时间：2018-03-10 10:13

本文选题：官员豁免　切入点：《外国主权豁免法》　出处：《外交学院》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 国际法中关于国家主权豁免的理论有多种,但是这些理论之间又包含了许多争议和不确定因素。尽管这些理论都源自于国家主权豁免原则,官员豁免也是其中之一,但是由于其自身的一些独特之处,官员豁免在近年引起了国际社会的普遍关注。在这一领域,美国有较为丰富的司法实践,值得我们研究借鉴。本文对此进行了初步的梳理和分析。美国法院在审理相关案件之时,依照《外国主权豁免法》和相关的判例,一般会审查相关的有法律约束力的四个因素:第一、美国同当事国之间的国际关系,包括美国对外国及其政府的承认;第二、时间因素的考虑,决定官员身份的时间是在行为发生之时还是案件被起诉之时;第三、官员的行为是否在其所属国授权的职权范围之内;第四、例外情形,《外国主权豁免法》中规定了一些例外情形,如果官员行为在这些例外之中,则其不能享有豁免。在考虑这四个因素的同时,法院还会考虑有关的国际法规则(包括条约和习惯国际法);行政部门的建议;当事国的意愿以及判决所造成的后果。如果该外国官员的国家和政府被美国所承认,其行为也在其所属国授权的职权范围之内,并且没有违反相关的国际法规则,并且该行为不在例外情形之中,其所属国和美国行政部门都表示应该给予其豁免权,那么该官员很有可能在美国法院享有官员豁免权。本文通过对以上美国国内关于“官员豁免”的原则和实践的分析,本文最后也试图提出一些对我国的启示,以期服务于我国相关领域的实践和研究工作。
[Abstract]:There are many theories on the sovereign immunity of States in international law, but there are many controversies and uncertainties between them. Although these theories are derived from the principle of sovereign immunity of States, the immunity of officials is one of them. However, because of its own uniqueness, the immunity of officials has attracted widespread concern in the international community in recent years. In this field, the United States has a relatively rich judicial practice. It is worth our study and reference. This article has carried on the preliminary combing and the analysis to this. In considering the relevant cases, the courts of the United States, in accordance with the Foreign sovereignty Immunities Act and relevant jurisprudence, generally examine the relevant four legally binding factors: first, the international relations between the United States and the parties concerned, It includes the recognition of foreign countries and their governments by the United States; second, the consideration of time factors, whether the time of determining the status of an official is when the act is committed or the case is prosecuted; and thirdly, Whether the conduct of an official is within the competence authorized by his or her own State; 4th, exceptions, the Act on sovereign immunity of foreign States provide for some exceptions, and if the conduct of an official is among these exceptions, he shall not be entitled to immunity. In considering these four factors, the Court will also take into account the relevant rules of international law (including treaties and customary international law); the recommendations of the executive branch; the will of the parties; and the consequences of the judgement. If the State and Government of the foreign official are recognized by the United States, the act of the foreign official is also within the competence authorized by the State in which he or she belongs and does not violate the relevant rules of international law, and the conduct is not exceptional, Both the country and the U.S. administration say immunity should be granted, and the official is likely to have immunity in U.S. courts. Based on the analysis of the principles and practice of "official immunity" in the United States above, this paper also tries to offer some enlightenment to our country in the hope of serving the practice and research work in related fields of our country.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D971.2;DD916.2

【共引文献】