韩国宪法法院制度研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 08:34

本文选题：韩国 + 宪法法院　；参考：《复旦大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 韩国宪法法院制度建立至今不过二十余年,但在宪政建设方面发挥了令人瞩目的作用。本文分别从历史源流、制度内容与制度实效等方面对韩国宪法法院制度作了探讨。首先,从历史的角度探讨了韩国宪法法院制度的流变,分析了韩国宪政建设的困境与出路;其次,从制度分析的角度述评了韩国宪法法院的宪法地位、组织、审判权及其行使程序;最后,从制度实效的角度总结了韩国宪法法院在韩国宪政建设中所起的作用。在全文研究的基础上,提出了韩国经验对后发国家建立完善宪法审查制度的启示,同时指出韩国宪法法院制度的不足。第一章在介绍韩国政治转型之前的宪法审查制度的发展与流变的基础上,对韩国宪政建设的困境作了探讨。作为第一个实施宪法法院制度的亚洲国家,韩国近现代宪法的发展及宪法法院制度的建立却远非一帆风顺,经历了近百年的挫折方取得成功。韩国二十世纪八十年代政治转型之前的宪政建设始终处于困境之中,宪法审查制度仅仅作为专制政权的民主点缀而存在,难以发挥保障宪法实施的作用。对此,本文从文化传统、殖民地历史与战后朝鲜半岛局势等方面分析了韩国宪政建设的困境,解释了宪法审查制度难以发挥作用的原因。第二章分析了韩国的政治转型与宪法法院制度的确立。二十世纪六十年代至八十年代间,韩国经济发展带动了社会结构的变迁,导致威权主义统治合法性基础的消减,最终促成威权主义统治向民主政治的转型。政治转型为韩国宪政建设提供了出路,宪法法院制度正是韩国政治转型的产物。韩国宪法法院审判权的生成凝结着高度的政治智慧,融合了韩国宪政建设的历史基础和现实需求,较好把握了制度移植与本土化的关系,奠定了宪法法院制度成功的基础。第三章分析了宪法法院的宪法地位,述评了宪法法院的组织体系。宪法法院制度是对西方传统的三权分立体制突破与重构的产物,形成了立法、行政、司法之外的另一种国家权力——宪法审查权。所以,韩国宪法法院是独立于立法、行政、司法机关之外的政治性的国家权力行使机关、宪法保障机关和宪法审判机关,它和其他国家机关的关系表现为宪法文本上的静态关系和宪政实践中的动态关系。韩国宪法法院以法官为中心的组织体系,凸显了以审判权行使为第一要务的组织原则,并辅以高水平专业化的审判研究人员和精简高效的行政辅助人员,为宪法审查权的行使提供了有力的人力资源保障。第四章述评了韩国宪法法院的审判权及其行使程序。韩国宪法法院的审判权范围适当、分类清晰、功能明确,基本反映了政治转型以来韩国宪政建设的现实需求,主要包括法律合宪性审判权、弹劾审判权、政党解散审判权、权限争议审判权和宪法诉愿审判权。宪法法院的审判程序与所作的决定是司法技术智慧的结晶。宪法法院的一般审判程序属于宪法法院程序法规范的总则部分,而特别审判程序是宪法法院适用于特定审判权行使的专门程序,属于宪法法院程序法规范的分则部分。决定是审判权行使的成果,韩国宪法法院在实践中对决定形式作了必要的移植和创新,形成了变形决定制度,使宪法法院制度更好地满足宪政建设的现实需求。第五章从制度实效的角度总结了韩国宪法法院在韩国宪政建设中所起的作用。以韩国民主化转型为契机而确立的宪法法院制度,在巩固民主政治、树立法治权威和人权保障等方面发挥了显著的作用,成为韩国政治转型与宪政发展上最引人注目的成就之一。宪法法院以其实际行动改善着国民对宪法与法律的态度和对民主政治的认识,提升了国民的法治观念,激励着国民对人权保障的诉求。在结语中,作者在总结前文研究的基础上提出了四点启示性结论:首先,后发国家应依托本国宪政建设的现实条件建立与完善宪法审查制度,脱离现实盲目进行制度移植的做法是行不通的;其次,后发国家宪法审查制度的设计宜采取中央化模式;第三,后发国家应注重加强宪法审查的专业化程度;第四,后发国家宪法审查制度的完善应以宪政建设的现实需求为导向,突出对制度实效的追求。在看到韩国宪法法院制度成功一面的同时,我们也必须指出它的不足:第一,宪法法院的审判权范围相对受限;第二,宪法诉讼的程序性门槛仍嫌过高;宪法法院的决定执行力缺乏刚性的制度保障。
[Abstract]:The constitutional court system of South Korea has been established for more than twenty years, but it has played an important role in the construction of constitutional government. This paper has discussed the constitutional court system of Korea from the historical origin, the system content and the actual effect of the system. First, it discusses the evolution of the constitutional court system in Korea from a historical point of view and analyzes Korea. Secondly, from the perspective of institutional analysis, the constitutional status, organization, jurisdiction and exercise procedures of the Constitutional Court of Korea are reviewed. Finally, the role of Korean Constitutional Court in the construction of Korean Constitutional Government is summarized from the perspective of the actual effect of the system. On the basis of the full text, the South Korean experience is put forward to the post country. The Enlightenment of establishing and perfecting the constitutional review system is pointed out, and the deficiency of the Korean Constitutional Court system is also pointed out.
The first chapter, on the basis of the introduction of the development and evolution of the constitutional review system before the political transformation of South Korea, discusses the dilemma of the construction of constitutional government in Korea. As the first Asian country to implement the constitutional court system, the development of the modern constitution of Korea and the establishment of the constitutional court system have gone through a hundred years' setback. The constitutional construction before the political transformation of South Korea in 1980s has always been in a dilemma. The constitutional review system only exists as a democratic embellishment of the autocratic regime, and it is difficult to play the role of ensuring the implementation of the constitution. This article is divided into the cultural tradition, the history of colonization and the situation of the postwar Korean Peninsula. This paper analyzes the plight of the constitutional construction in Korea, and explains why the constitutional review system is difficult to play its role.
The second chapter analyzes the political transformation of Korea and the establishment of the constitutional court system. From 1960s to 80s, the economic development of Korea led to the change of the social structure, which led to the reduction of the legitimacy basis of authoritarian rule, and eventually led to the transformation of authoritarian rule to the people's politics. The political transformation was the construction of constitutional government in Korea. The constitutional court system is the product of the political transformation of South Korea. The formation of the judicial power of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Korea has condensed the high political wisdom, fused the historical basis and realistic needs of the construction of Korean constitutionalism, grasped the relationship between the system transplantation and the localization, and laid the foundation for the success of the constitutional court system.
The third chapter analyzes the constitutional status of the constitutional court and reviews the organizational system of the constitutional court. The constitutional court system is the product of the breakthrough and reconstruction of the western traditional three power stereoscopic system, and forms the other state power of the legislature, administration and judicature - the constitutional right to review the constitution. Therefore, the Constitutional Court of Korea is independent of legislation and administration. The political organs of state power outside the judicial organ, the constitution guarantee organ and the constitutional judicial organ, its relationship with other state organs is shown as the static relationship in the constitutional text and the dynamic relationship in the constitutional practice. The Constitutional Court of the Korean constitution takes the judge as the central organization, and highlights the first important task in the exercise of the judicial power. The organizational principles, supplemented by high-level professional trial researchers and streamlined administrative assistants, provide a powerful human resource guarantee for the exercise of constitutional review.
The fourth chapter commented on the judicial power and its exercise procedure of the Korean Constitutional Court. The judicial power of the Korean Constitutional Court is appropriate, clear and clear in function, which basically reflects the realistic needs of the construction of constitutional government in Korea since the political transition, mainly including the legal constitutional judicial power, the impeachment of the judicial power, the disbandment of the judicial power by the party and the right to dispute trial. The judicial procedure and the decision made by the constitutional court are the crystallization of the judicial wisdom. The general trial procedure of the constitutional court belongs to the general rule of the procedural law of the constitutional court, and the special trial procedure is a special procedure applicable to the exercise of a specific judicial power by the constitutional court, which belongs to the procedural law of the constitutional court. The decision is the result of the exercise of the judicial power. In practice, the Constitutional Court of Korea made the necessary transplantation and innovation to the form of the decision, formed the system of deformation decision, and made the constitutional court system better meet the realistic needs of the construction of constitutional government.
The fifth chapter summarizes the role of the Constitutional Court of Korea in the construction of Korean constitutionalism from the perspective of institutional effectiveness. The constitutional court system, established by the transition of Korean democratization as a turning point, has played a significant role in consolidating democratic politics, setting up the authority of the rule of law and protecting human rights, and has become the most important part of the political and constitutional development of Korea. One of the remarkable achievements, the constitutional court, with its practical actions, improves the national attitude towards the Constitution and the law and the understanding of the democratic politics, promotes the concept of the rule of law of the national and encourages the demands of the people to protect human rights.
In the conclusion, on the basis of summarizing the previous research, the author puts forward four inspiring conclusions: first, the latter country should build and improve the constitutional review system relying on the actual conditions of the country's constitutional construction, and the practice of blind system transplantation out of reality is unworkable; secondly, the design of the constitutional review system in the latter country should be adopted. Third, the latter countries should pay more attention to the degree of specialization of constitutional review; fourth, the improvement of the constitutional review system in the latter country should be guided by the realistic demand of constitutional government and the pursuit of the effectiveness of the system. While seeing the success of the constitutional court system in Korea, we must also point out its shortcomings: first, constitution The scope of jurisdiction of the law court is relatively limited. Second, the procedural threshold of constitutional litigation is still too high, and the decision execution power of the constitutional court lacks a rigid system guarantee.

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D931.26;DD916.2

【参考文献】