边沁功利主义分析法学研究

发布时间：2018-07-01 14:00

本文选题：边沁 + 功利主义　；参考：《华东政法大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 杰里米·边沁(1748-1832)是英国著名的法学家和哲学家,功利主义的创始人和分析实证主义法学的奠基者,19世纪初英国哲学激进主义运动的精神领袖。边沁既是一个思想家,也是一个政治和社会活动家。他的以功利主义为核心的理论学说,在法学、伦理学、哲学、政治学、经济学、逻辑学、语言学等诸多领域都产生了广泛而深远的影响。他所倡导的法律改革和政治改革运动,也极大地促进了英国乃至欧洲的法律制度和民主政治制度的变革与进步。边沁的思想学说,可以当之无愧地被视为人类文明发展史上的宝贵财富之一。但是,和功利主义在法学、经济学、伦理学等领域主导西方学术及其实践一个多世纪的现实相反,边沁本人却倍受冷落。在整个二十世纪大多数的时间里,他的理论在很大程度上被忽视,他的价值也被低估。即使与霍布斯、洛克、休谟这些英国学者相比,边沁所受的关注也远远低于他应得的程度。耐人寻味的是,正值自由主义伦理学家和哲学家约翰·罗尔斯在1970年代以其契约论的程序正义论对功利主义施以沉重一击之际,边沁却也在同时迎来了属于他的历史反转。英国伦敦大学学院(University College London,简称UCL )在1959年、1968年相继成立“边沁委员会”(Bentham Committee)和“边沁研究中心”(UCL Bentham Project),开始系统整理、出版该大学收藏的边沁手稿,同时修订出版新版《边沁全集》。随着这项工作不断取得进展,边沁逐渐获得学界的重新关注,传统的边沁形象不断被新材料、新视角所丰富、修正乃至颠覆。这股边沁研究热潮不仅在英国,在欧洲、美国、日本等地也日渐展开,一时间,“边沁主义”大有复兴之势。本文对边沁的考察,并非出于智识上兴趣而欲对这股复兴思潮给予单纯回应。立足于今日中国之时代语境,本文作者希望借助对边沁法律学说的考察,能够对我国法学研究之推进、法律实践之完善有所助益。作者认为,当下中国的法学研究似仍未真正脱离观念启蒙之初级阶段,不少学术探讨仍然习惯于或纠缠于抽象的理念灌输和观念说教。对于诸多纷争不已的法律实践难题,我们严重缺乏辨析分歧、消解纷争的有效工具和实用理论,而这,或许就是边沁那种关注现实、注重分析的法学理论之于我们的潜在价值。本文以边沁的分析实证主义法学为主要考察对象,主要任务有二:其一,借助已有边的究成果,尽量还原出一个面目完整的边沁,以摆脱过去那种简单、片面乃至漫画式的边沁研究。其二,在兼顾其学说统一性的情况下,尽量展开一些探讨或反思,以便凸显边沁法律学说的丰富性及其内在张力。全文共分四章。第一章为导论,主要介绍边沁研究的相关背景和基础。内容主要包括边沁思想产生发展的时代背景、个人生平以及相关研究文献综述。第二章着重考察边沁的功利主义思想。功利原理是边沁全部学说之思考的起点和终点,自然也是其分析实证法学的理论基础和精神内核。本章首先梳理边沁功利思想的渊源,进而重点分析其功利思想的主要内容,以及边沁运用功利原理对人类行为及其后果的具体分析,这种对行为的功利分析构成边沁全部法学分析之基础。本章意图揭示:边沁功利主义之精髓在于其分析的理念,即:一切社会现象,都可以借助某些简单要素被分解还原,复杂现象、术语、命题总是可以通过分析而被理解和把握,这不仅有助于平息纷争,更有助于揭示现象背后的真相。第三章主要介绍边沁的法学体系及其主要内容。依据功利原理对罪过的分类,是边沁从实体标准上展示他法律和法典体系的实质内容;通过对法律规范之内部逻辑结构的分析,边沁发展出他的法律定义理论、法律的个别化和体系化理论,是从形式标准上展示其法律和法典体系的表现形式。一般地说,前者即边沁所谓“审查的法理学”,后者即“注释的法理学”。本章主要目的在于展示边沁的法律结构分析理论。借助语言和逻辑,边沁成功发展出一套适于分析法律规范的“意志逻辑”,它对于法学研究和法律实践均有极大实用价值。第四章试图对边沁法学的整个分析体系提供一些多视角的分析、评价或反思。主要有:尝试揭示边沁作为法学家对启蒙时代法学的借鉴与超越;以边沁为中心概要梳理实证法学的学术谱系,尤其是边沁与奥斯丁和哈特之间的学术传承脉络;以道德和法律关系为视点展示边沁法学理论的内在张力;最后,以其法学的功利主义基础为重点进行简要评析。
[Abstract]:Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) is a famous British jurist and philosopher, founder of utilitarianism and the founder of analytical positivist jurisprudence, the spiritual leader of the British philosophical activism in the early nineteenth Century. Bentham is both a thinker and a political and social activist. His theory of utilitarianism is the core theory. In many fields, such as law, ethics, philosophy, politics, economics, logic, linguistics and many other fields, the movement of legal reform and political reform advocated by him also greatly promoted the reform and progress of the legal system and democratic political system in Britain and Europe.
Bentham's theory of thought can be regarded as one of the precious wealth in the history of human civilization. However, on the contrary, Bentham himself has fallen into the cold. In most of the twentieth Century, his theory and the theory of utilitarianism in the fields of law, economics, ethics and other fields have dominated the practice of Western science and practice. His value was underestimated to a large extent, and even compared to Hobbes, Rock, Hume, and Hume, Bentham was much less concerned than he deserved.
It is intriguing that, as liberalist ethicists and philosopher John Rolls hit the utilitarianism with his contractual theory of procedural justice in 1970s, Bentham was also ushered in his historical reversal at the same time.
The University College London (University College London, short for short), in 1959, established the "Bentham committee" (Bentham Committee) and "the Bentham research center" (UCL Bentham Project) in 1968. It began to systemate and publish the Bentham manuscript of the University, and revised the new edition of the complete works of Bentham. With the progress of the break, Bentham gradually gained the attention of the academic circle. The traditional Bentham image was constantly enriched, modified and subverted by new materials and new perspectives. The Bentham research upsurge is not only in Britain but also in Europe, the United States and Japan. For a time, the "Bentham doctrine" has a great revival.
The study of Bentham is not a simple response to the revival trend of thought. Based on the context of the times of China today, the author hopes to help the study of the law of Bentham and the good of the practice of law in our country. It seems that it is still not really divorced from the primary stage of the concept of enlightenment, and many academic discussions are still accustomed to or entangled in the abstract idea of instillation and conceptual preaching. For many difficult problems of legal practice, we are seriously lacking in discriminating differences and eliminating the effective tools and practical theories of disputes, and this is perhaps Bentham's concern for reality, The potential value of analytical jurisprudence to us.
This article takes Bentham's analytical positivist jurisprudence as the main object of investigation. The main tasks are two: first, with the help of the existing research results, we try to restore a complete Bentham to get rid of the simple, one-sided and comic Bentham study of the past. Or reflection, in order to highlight the richness and inherent tension of Bentham's theory of law.
The full text is divided into four chapters.
The first chapter is the introduction, which mainly introduces the background and foundation of Bentham's research, including the background of the development of Bentham's thought, personal life and the literature review of the related research.
The second chapter focuses on Bentham's utilitarianism thought. Utilitarian principle is the starting point and end point of the thought of Bentham's all theories, and nature is the theoretical basis and spiritual core of its analysis of empirical jurisprudence. This chapter first combs the origin of Bentham's utilitarian thought, and then focuses on the main contents of his utilitarian thoughts, and Bentham's utilitarian principle. The specific analysis of human behavior and its consequences, the utilitarian analysis of this kind of behavior constitutes the basis of Bentham's all legal analysis.
The purpose of this chapter is to reveal that the essence of Bentham's utilitarianism is the concept of his analysis, that is, all social phenomena can be decomposed and reduced by some simple elements, complex phenomena, and terms, and propositions can always be understood and grasped through analysis, which not only helps to calm disputes, but also helps to reveal the truth behind the phenomena.
The third chapter mainly introduces Bentham's legal system and its main content. According to the principle of utilitarianism, Bentham shows the substance of his law and the system of law from the entity standard. Through the analysis of the internal logical structure of the legal norms, Bentham develops his law definition theory, the individualization and systematization of the law. It shows the form of the law and the system of the code of law from the standard of form. In general, the former is called "the jurisprudence of censorship" by Bentham, and the latter is "the jurisprudence of annotation".
The main purpose of this chapter is to show Bentham's theory of legal structure analysis. With the help of language and logic, Bentham has successfully developed a set of "will logic" which is suitable for the analysis of legal norms. It has great practical value for legal research and legal practice.
The fourth chapter attempts to provide some multi perspective analysis, evaluation and Reflection on the whole analysis system of Bentham's jurisprudence. It is mainly as follows: trying to reveal Bentham's reference and transcendence to the law of enlightenment as a jurist, and to outline the academic genealogy of empirical jurisprudence with Bentham as the center, especially the academic inheritance between Bentham and Austen and Hart. From the point of view of moral and legal relations, it shows the inherent tension of Bentham's theory of law; finally, it makes a brief comment on the utilitarian basis of his law.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D909.561

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