埃及与南非宪政制度比较研究

发布时间：2018-07-02 14:26

本文选题：宪政制度 + 埃及　；参考：《湘潭大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 埃及和南非是非洲国家中比较成功的典型,这都是与其宪政制度密不可分的。宪政是人类法治文明的最高结晶和政治文明的重要成果。宪政制度是重要的国家制度,是国家软实力的重要组成部分。埃及“七月革命”和南非废除种族隔离制度之后,两国都顺应人类政治文明的发展要求建立了宪政制度,确立了宪法国家最高大法的地位,重视民主建设、依法治国和人权保护,赶上了人类政治发展的潮流。埃及与南非同处非洲大陆,同属第三世界,都是发展中国家,两国的宪政制度都是建筑于厚重的历史传统之上的,是两国进行民族民主革命和人民解放斗争的伟大成果。两国的宪政制度建设都从本国国情出发,同时注意吸收别国的经验和教训,与时俱进。两国都探索出了一条符合本国国情、具有本国特色的宪政发展道路,非常具有代表性。埃及和南非都实行总统制共和制的国家管理形式和单一制的国家结构形式,两国的国家元首制度、议会制度、行政制度、司法制度、人权保护制度、政党制度和选举制度也有相似之处。但是具体而言,两国的宪政制度还是存在很大差异的。埃及总统制共和制是一种总统处于国家政权中心,高度集权的国家管理形式。南非总统制共和制是一种总统权力受到很大制约,介于总统制和议会制之间的国家管理形式。埃及的国家结构形式是一种中央集权型的单一制,而南非的是一种地方分权型的单一制。两国国家元首的权力和任期有重大差别。埃及议会实行一院制,南非实行两院制,两国在议会制度方面存在差异。南非的行政制度类似于美国模式,而埃及的行政制度类似于法国模式。埃及实行普通法院与行政法院双轨制法院系统,而南非实行单一的普通法院系统。与埃及相比,南非宪法对于公民基本权利的规定要详尽、具体得多。而埃及早于南非签署、批准《非洲人权与民族权宪章》。在政党制度方面,埃及长期一党执政,而南非则引入了参政党,并邀请反对党入阁,实现了多党合作。埃及选举制度的重心在于总统选举,而南非选举制度则以国民议会选举为重心。埃及和南非宪政制度所表现出来的差异性是由于两国建构宪政制度时的文化背景不同,宪政制度建构前的历史境遇不同和大国对两国宪政制度演进的影响程度不同等原因造成的。同时,埃及与南非两国的宪政制度对于非洲其他国家具有很强的借鉴意义。非洲其他国家可以通过以下途径学习埃及和南非的成功经验,积极完善本国的宪政制度。第一,尊重多样文明深化互信。第二,建立国家机构间的高层定期互访机制。第三,加强政党间特别是执政党的党际交流。第四,进一步加强在人权保护领域的磋商与配合。
[Abstract]:Egypt and South Africa are more successful examples of African countries, which are inseparable from their constitutionalism. Constitutionalism is the highest crystallization of human civilization ruled by law and an important achievement of political civilization. Constitutional system is an important national system and an important part of national soft power. After the "July Revolution" in Egypt and the abolition of apartheid in South Africa, both countries complied with the requirements of the development of human political civilization by establishing a constitutional system, establishing the constitutional status of the constitutional state as the supreme law, and attaching importance to the construction of democracy. The rule of law and the protection of human rights catch up with the trend of human political development. Egypt and South Africa are on the African continent, belong to the third World and are both developing countries. The constitutional system of the two countries is based on a heavy historical tradition and is a great achievement of the national democratic revolution and the liberation struggle of the people of the two countries. The construction of constitutional system in both countries is based on their own national conditions, and attention is paid to absorbing the experiences and lessons of other countries, so as to keep pace with the times. Both countries have explored a road of constitutional development that is suitable for their own national conditions and has their own characteristics, which is very representative. Both Egypt and South Africa have a presidential Republican form of State administration and a unitary state structure, with a head of State system, a parliamentary system, an executive system, a judicial system, a human rights protection system, There are similarities between the party system and the electoral system. But specifically, the constitutional system of the two countries is still very different. The presidential republic of Egypt is a form of state administration in which the president is at the center of the state power and is highly centralized. South Africa's presidential republic is a form of state management between presidential system and parliamentary system, which is subject to great restriction of presidential power. Egypt's state structure is a centralized unitary system, while South Africa's is a decentralized unitary system. The powers and terms of office of the heads of state of the two countries differ significantly. The Egyptian parliament has a unicameral system and South Africa has a bicameral system. There are differences in the parliamentary system between the two countries. The administrative system of South Africa is similar to that of the United States, while the administrative system of Egypt is similar to that of France. Egypt has a dual-track system of courts of law and administrative courts, while South Africa has a single system of ordinary courts. Compared with Egypt, the Constitution of South Africa provides for the fundamental rights of citizens in more detail and more specifically. Egypt signed the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights earlier than South Africa. In the party system, Egypt has long been in power of one party, while South Africa has brought in participating parties and invited the opposition parties into the cabinet to achieve multi-party cooperation. Egypt's electoral system focuses on presidential elections, while South Africa's electoral system focuses on elections to the National Assembly. The difference between the constitutionalism systems of Egypt and South Africa is due to the different cultural backgrounds of the two countries when they set up their constitutionalism systems. The historical circumstances before the construction of constitutional system and the influence of great powers on the evolution of constitutional system in the two countries are different. At the same time, the constitutionalism of Egypt and South Africa is of great significance to other African countries. Other African countries can learn from the successful experiences of Egypt and South Africa and actively improve their constitutionalism. First, respect for diverse civilizations and deepen mutual trust. Second, establish a mechanism for regular exchange of high-level visits between state institutions. Third, strengthen inter-party exchanges between political parties, especially the ruling party. Fourth, further strengthen consultation and cooperation in the field of human rights protection.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D94;DD911

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