宋代刑事审判权制约机制研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 17:59

本文选题：宋代 + 刑事审判权　；参考：《河北大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】：在宋代独特的政治、经济、文化等因素的影响下,宋代刑事审判制度尽管在一般特征层面上仍未跳出封建式刑事审判的巢臼,但在具体制度的设计和运行上却呈现出有别于中国封建社会其他朝代的独特风貌。宋代刑事审判制度的独到之处在于强化对刑事审判权的制约,并以此为目标,注重相关制度的建构,从而形成了饶有特色的刑事审判权制约机制。机制的原意为有机体的构造、功能和相互关系。换言之,机制本身是一个系统问题。宋代刑事审判权制约机制的设置也是多层次的。就刑事审判权自身来讲,宋代这种制约机制的建构主要表现为：首先,通过刑事审判机构的多元设置,使得刑事审判权必须分散行使,以达到不同审判机构之间相互制约的目的。其次,通过鞫谳分司制度的确立,对审判机构内部部门进行职能划分,使刑事审判机构内部不同职能部门之间形成制约。再次,通过刑案复审制度的确立,形成上级审判机构对下级审判机构的制约。同时,宋代也非常重视其他权力对刑事审判权的制约,表现在：一是强化皇权对刑事审判权的控制。宋代的中央集权较前朝有了进一步的加强,反映在司法上便是皇帝通过各种途径加强其对司法权尤其是刑事审判权的控制,直接干预刑事审判活动,以维持皇权至高无上的地位。二是注重行政权对刑事审判权的制约。三是重视监察权对刑事审判权的制约。可以说,宋代监察权对刑事审判权的制约机制的设计是相当完备的。宋朝各代皇帝对于刑事审判权的行使对皇权的巩固所产生的影响有着清醒的认识。通过强化刑事审判权制约机制的制度建设使得刑事审判体制的运行呈现出“上下相维,轻重相制,如身之使臂,臂之使指,民自徒罪以上,吏自罚金以上,皆出于天子”的态势。这样不仅有助于皇帝对审判机构的直接控制,而且还可以有效地防止司法专横。另外,宋代刑事审判权制约机制的强化可以确保对初审裁判的再次甚至多次审查,这对发现并纠正初审错误的裁判无疑具有积极作用。在宋代,通过刑事审判权制约机制的运行确实使不少刑事案件的错判得到了纠正。当然,宋代刑事审判权制约机制也存在明显的不足。一是由于刑事审判机构的多元设置导致刑事审判中适用法律的不统一。二是造成了审判职能与监察职能的混同,使监察机构在审理案件时缺乏其他机构的制约。三是宋代因强调对刑事审判权的制约而导致的刑事审判程序繁杂、重复造成刑事案件审判效率低下。通过对宋代刑事审判权制约机制的研究,可以有以下启示：一方面,宋代这种注重通过对刑事审判权的制约来防止刑事审判权滥用而实现审判公正的机制设计与当今社会注重权力制衡的现代权力配置理念具有很高的竟合性,因此其合理因素是值得今人借鉴的。另一方面,宋代因过于强调对刑事审判权的制约而造成的案件淹延、审判效率低下的弊病也是我们在设计刑事审判制度时应当克服的。
[Abstract]:Under the influence of the unique political, economic and cultural factors of the Song Dynasty, the criminal trial system of the Song Dynasty, despite its general characteristics, still did not jump out of the nest of the feudal criminal trial, but in the design and operation of the specific system, it was different from the unique features of the other dynasties in the feudal society of China.
The uniqueness of the criminal trial system in the Song Dynasty lies in strengthening the restriction of the criminal trial power, and taking it as the goal and paying attention to the construction of the relevant system, thus forming a special mechanism for the restriction of criminal judicial power. The original meaning of the mechanism is the structure, function and relationship of the organism. In other words, the mechanism itself is a systematic problem. The establishment of the restriction mechanism of the judicial power is also multi-level. As to the criminal jurisdiction itself, the construction of this restrictive mechanism in the Song Dynasty is mainly manifested in the following aspects: first, through the multiple settings of the criminal trial institutions, the criminal trial power must be dispersed to achieve the purpose of mutual restriction between different judicial institutions. The establishment of the system, the division of the functions of the internal departments of the judicial organs, and the restriction between the different functional departments within the criminal trial institutions. Thirdly, the establishment of the system of the retrial of the criminal cases has formed the restriction of the higher judicial institutions to the lower trial institutions.
At the same time, the Song Dynasty also paid great attention to the restriction of other powers on the criminal jurisdiction. First, it strengthened the control of the power of the imperial power to the criminal trial power. The central centralization of the Song Dynasty was further strengthened than the previous dynasty. It was reflected in the judiciary that the emperor strengthened its control of the judicial power, especially the criminal trial power through various ways, and directly intervened the punishment. In order to maintain the supremacy of the imperial power, the two is to pay attention to the restriction of the administrative power to the criminal trial power. Three is to attach importance to the restriction of the supervisory power to the criminal trial power. It can be said that the control mechanism of the Song Dynasty's supervisory power is quite complete.
The emperors of the Song Dynasty have a sober understanding of the influence of the exercise of the criminal judicial power on the consolidation of the power of the imperial court. Through the system construction of strengthening the restriction mechanism of the criminal trial power, the operation of the criminal trial system presents a "upper and lower phase, a light and heavy phase, such as the arm of the body, the arm of the arm, the people self offense above, and the fine above the officials," This will not only help the emperor to direct the direct control of the judicial institutions, but also effectively prevent the judicial tyranny. In addition, the strengthening of the restraining mechanism of the criminal judicial power in the Song Dynasty can ensure that the first trial referee is reviewed again or again, which undoubtedly has a positive effect on the judgment of the judges who found and corrected the first trial mistakes. In the Song Dynasty, the operation of the criminal jurisdiction restriction mechanism really corrected many criminal cases.
Of course, there are obvious deficiencies in the restriction mechanism of the criminal trial power in the Song Dynasty. One is that the multiple settings of criminal trial institutions lead to the disunity of the applicable law in criminal trial. Two is the confusion of the judicial function and the supervisory function, and the supervision institution lacks the restriction of his institution in the case of hearing. Three is the Song Dynasty because of the emphasis on the criminal. The criminal trial procedure is complicated and repetitive resulting from the restriction of judicial power, resulting in low efficiency in criminal trials.
Through the study of the restraining mechanism of the criminal trial power in the Song Dynasty, we can have the following enlightenment: on the one hand, the mechanism design of the Song Dynasty, which pays attention to the restriction of the criminal trial power to prevent the abuse of the criminal trial power, is highly compatible with the modern power allocation concept of the current society, which pays attention to the power balance. On the other hand, due to the excessive emphasis on the restriction of the criminal judicial power, the cases of the Song Dynasty, on the other hand, are drowned, and the disadvantages of the low trial efficiency should be overcome when we design the criminal trial system.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D925.2;D929;K244

【引证文献】