清末预备立宪论析

发布时间：2018-07-25 09:56

【摘要】： 思想是政治变革的先导。鸦片战争后一批志士仁人在中华民族危机日益严重和中国传统法律文化与西方近代法律文化冲突下的历史背景下,开始探讨安邦救国的策略,提出了改革君主专制政体的方案,形成了一股巨大的社会思潮,立宪思潮的产生与发展经历了鸦片战争、改良运动、戊戌变法、清末新政几个时期。清政府从1905年开始正式实行自上而下的预备立宪。从派遣五大臣出洋考察开始,不断的学习西方各国的先进经验,先后派遣了多批人员到西方各国进行考察,在总结各国宪政制度特点的基础上,召开了一系列会议专门来讨论制宪问题,并且注意听取各地督抚的意见。清政府在预备立宪中,对官制进行了改革,成立了宪政编查馆,订立了《资政院院章》,专门对制宪活动进行筹划。成立了资政院和谘议局,组成了“皇族内阁”,在地方推行地方自治,又在条件相对成熟之后,发布《钦定宪法大纲》,将清末的制宪运动推向高潮。之后,清政府又进行了一系列的活动来推动制宪活动,但是为时已晚,各地的革命不断爆发,清政府已经无法控制了。最终,清政府迫于崩溃形势抛出《宪法重大信条十九条》。之后,武昌起义爆发了,宪制运动也随之告一段落。宪政在西方社会已有数千年的发展历程,是西方社会历史演进的结果,是根植于西方文化传统土壤中的智慧结晶,有着其特殊的历史和文化根基。中国传统文化与西方文化在宪政生成机制上存在差异性,要认识到建立在以“性恶论”、“自由主义”基础上的“自发演进型”的西方宪政模式与建立在以“性善论”、“国家至上、集体主义”基础上的“政府推进型”宪政模式的根本区别,在移植和借鉴西方成功的宪政模式的同时,要注意对其进行本土化改造,使其在融入中国本土文化的同时又体现西方宪政的精髓。须知我们要移植和借鉴的是宪政的精神和理念,而不是照搬西方现成的宪政制度。那么该如何正确处理我国民族传统与西方宪政经验的关系问题自然成为我们所关注的焦点。这一问题的解决应立基于民族传统对宪政模式的选择性上,找寻我国民族传统与西方宪政经验的“契合点”,即探寻一条我国传统文化接收外国宪政经验或外国宪政经验融入我国民族传统文化的可能途径。
[Abstract]:Thought is the forerunner of political change. After the Opium War, a group of people with lofty ideals began to probe into the strategy of Anbang to save the country under the background of the increasingly serious crisis of the Chinese nation and the conflict between Chinese traditional legal culture and western modern legal culture, and put forward a plan to reform the autocratic monarchy. The emergence and development of constitutional thought experienced several periods: the Opium War, the Reform Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the New deal of late Qing Dynasty. From 1905, the Qing government formally carried out the top-down preparatory constitution. Starting with the dispatch of five ministers to study the advanced experiences of western countries, they have successively sent a number of personnel to the western countries for inspection. On the basis of summing up the characteristics of their constitutional systems, A series of meetings were held to discuss constitutional issues and to listen to local governors. In preparing the constitution, the Qing government reformed the official system, set up the constitutional compilation and inspection hall, and made the "constitution court chapter", which specially planned the constitution-making activities. After the establishment of the Superior Yuan and the Advisory Bureau, the formation of the "Imperial Cabinet", the implementation of local autonomy at the local level, and the promulgation of the outline of the Imperial Constitution after the relative maturity of the conditions, the constitutional movement in the late Qing Dynasty was pushed to a climax. Later, the Qing government carried out a series of activities to promote constitution-making activities, but it was too late, local revolutions broke out, the Qing government has been out of control. In the end, the Qing government forced the collapse of the situation to throw out the "great tenets of the 19 articles of the Constitution." Then the Wuchang uprising broke out and the constitutional movement ended. Constitutionalism has been developing for thousands of years in western society. It is the result of the historical evolution of western society. It is the crystallization of wisdom rooted in the traditional soil of western culture and has its special historical and cultural foundation. There are differences between Chinese traditional culture and western culture in constitutional formation mechanism. It is necessary to recognize the "spontaneous evolution" of the western constitutional model based on the "evil theory of nature" and "liberalism" and the "theory of goodness of nature". On the basis of "state first, collectivism", the fundamental difference of "government advancing" constitutional mode should be paid attention to, while transplanting and drawing lessons from the successful constitutionalism model in the west, at the same time, we should pay attention to the localization of it. Make it blend into Chinese native culture and embody the essence of western constitutionalism at the same time. We should transplant and learn from the spirit and idea of constitutionalism, not copy the ready-made constitutional system of the West. How to correctly deal with the relationship between our national tradition and Western constitutional experience naturally becomes the focus of our attention. The solution of this problem should be based on the selectivity of the national tradition to the constitutional model, and seek the "joint point" between our national tradition and the western constitutional experience. That is to explore a possible way for Chinese traditional culture to receive foreign constitutional experience or foreign constitutional experience into our national traditional culture.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D921;D929

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