论英国在华领事裁判权

发布时间：2018-08-14 12:09

【摘要】： 领事裁判权在近代又被称为治外法权,是西方列强侵夺半殖民地国家的司法主权,对其在这些国家的本国侨民行使司法管辖的特权制度。鸦片战争后,英国通过不平等条约首先取得在华的领事裁判权。其后,美国、法国等列强也通过这种不平等条约在中国建立起了领事裁判权制度,前后延续了近一个世纪之久。英国作为第一个攫取在华领事裁判权的国家,对于领事裁判权制度在中国的建立和发展具有十分重要的影响。18世纪后,经过工业革命迅速发展壮大的英国,积极推行扩展政策,在全球范围内追逐殖民地和商品销售市场。中国的闭关政策遂成为英国资产阶级来华通商的障碍,中西法律制度及观念的差异因双方的直接接触而产生冲突。在华英商及其他西方商人总想摆脱中国法律对贸易的限制,排除中国法律的管辖,进而时常与中国发生司法冲突。鸦片战争的一个重要的结果就是以条约的形式确认了英国在华的领事裁判权。此后,其他西方列强纷纷仿效,先后取得了这种权利,使中国针对外人的完整管辖权遭到破坏,对中国法制的发展影响深远。通过回顾英国在华领事裁判权的确立、发展及撤废的过程,我们可以大致了解在华领事裁判权制度的整个发展脉络,进而探讨这一制度与中国法制现代化的关系。尽管领事裁判权制度侵犯了中国的司法主权,是中国近代屈辱历史的一个标签,但不可否认的是,领事裁判权促进了中国近代法制的变革,是推进中国法制近代化的一种外部动力。清政府、民国政府企图通过司法改良废除领事裁判权,尽管没有成功,但却加速了中国法制近代化的进程,这无疑是有积极意义的。为废除领事裁判权,中国与以英国为首的西方列强展开了长期的法权交涉。然而守旧力量的强大和动荡不安的旧中国局势使得领事裁判权久久不得取消。直到太平洋战争爆发,英美迫于战争的需要才最终同意废除其在华领事裁判权。在这个过程中,中国一直致力于学习西方先进的法律制度,这无疑是中国法制近代化进程中的重要环节。在我国加入世界贸易组织,建设法治国家的今天,进行法制改革,与国际接轨,使法律走上国际化道路的进程远未停止。
[Abstract]:Consular jurisdiction, which is also called extraterritorial jurisdiction in modern times, is a system of privilege for western powers to invade the judicial sovereignty of semi-colonial countries and exercise judicial jurisdiction over their nationals in these countries. After the Opium War, Britain first acquired consular jurisdiction in China through unequal treaties. Subsequently, the United States, France and other powers also established consular jurisdiction in China through such unequal treaties, which lasted for nearly a century. Britain, as the first country to seize consular adjudication power in China, had a very important influence on the establishment and development of consular jurisdiction system in China. After the 18th century, Britain, which developed rapidly through the industrial revolution, actively pursued the policy of expansion. Chasing colonial and commodity markets around the world. China's policy of closing up to the outside world has become an obstacle for the British bourgeoisie to trade in China. The differences in legal systems and concepts between China and the West come into conflict as a result of direct contact between the two sides. British businessmen in China and other Western businessmen always want to get rid of the restrictions of Chinese law on trade, remove the jurisdiction of Chinese law, and then often conflict with China. An important result of the Opium War was the confirmation of British consular jurisdiction in China in the form of treaties. Since then, other Western powers have followed suit and obtained this right one after another, which has undermined China's complete jurisdiction over outsiders and has a far-reaching impact on the development of China's legal system. By reviewing the establishment, development and abolition of British consular jurisdiction in China, we can get a general understanding of the whole development of the consular jurisdiction system in China, and then explore the relationship between this system and the modernization of China's legal system. Although the system of consular jurisdiction infringes upon China's judicial sovereignty and is a label of China's modern humiliating history, it is undeniable that consular adjudication power has promoted the reform of China's modern legal system. It is an external motive force to promote the modernization of China's legal system. The Qing government and the Republic of China government tried to abolish the consular adjudication power through judicial reform. Although it did not succeed, it accelerated the process of modernization of China's legal system, which is undoubtedly of positive significance. In order to abolish consular jurisdiction, China and the Western powers led by Britain began a long-term legal negotiation. Yet the strength of the old-fashioned forces and the turbulent old China made consular jurisdiction unwieldy for a long time. It was not until the Pacific War broke out that Britain and the United States finally agreed to abrogate their consular jurisdiction in China under the necessity of the war. In this process, China has been committed to learning the advanced western legal system, which is undoubtedly an important link in the process of modernization of China's legal system. With China's accession to the World Trade Organization and the construction of a country ruled by law, the process of legal system reform and international integration is far from stopping.
【学位授予单位】：湘潭大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929

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