敦煌吐鲁番出土遗嘱探析
发布时间：2018-08-26 15:01
【摘要】： 遗嘱是立嘱人临终前,在继承人和证人面前所立下的,关于分配自己或家庭财产的契约文书。敦煌吐鲁番出土的遗嘱文书内容十分丰富,包含了遗嘱订立的日期、立嘱原因、立嘱人、继承人、遗产、立嘱人的要求、继承人违约惩罚、证人以及当事人签押等九个方面的内容,这些内容涉及到财产分配及继承关系、家庭关系、社会关系等多种情况。不同时代、不同地区、不同民族的遗嘱既有各自的特色,在格式和内容上又有许多相似之处。本文试图通过列表,分析所收集到的遗嘱的格式和内容,研究遗嘱形式内容演变的年代特征,通过比较研究,找出其中蕴藏着的当地的某些乡规民约,并由此了解内地和边疆地区的联系。 本文主要包含了五个部分的内容: 第一部分是前言,主要阐述了遗嘱的定义和内容,并交待了本文所用材料的年代及出处,叙述了遗嘱的研究状况,前人研究中的问题以及本文的研究意义。 第二部分是遗嘱格式的研究,主要包括三个层次的内容。首先,笔者通过列表简单介绍本文所用的材料;再按照一篇最完整的遗嘱格式来列表,将18篇遗嘱的格式代入表中,由此可以看出,一篇汉代的遗嘱已经基本成型了,但是直至隋唐,日期条款的位置还不固定,一些条款也时有时无,直到五代以后,遗嘱的格式才完全固定成熟。最后,笔者分析了遗嘱格式的年代演变及其原因。 第三部分是遗嘱的内容研究。笔者将完整遗嘱所包含的九个内容分成七个层次,对18篇遗嘱列表进行研究。第一层是遗嘱的日期研究。遗嘱中纪日期的方式主要包含帝王年号纪年、干支纪年、混合纪年以及回鹘文中的十二生肖纪年;第二层是立嘱原因研究。立嘱的原因大多包含两个方面:立嘱人恐年老病弱不久于人世,对身后事做交待以及立嘱人恐死后亲属争财,故以法律形式来保障遗嘱的执行;第三层是遗嘱当事人的研究。在这一层里又将当事人细分为三小层进行研究,即:立遗嘱人、继承人以及证人研究。通过列表分析可以看出:立嘱人一般都是家庭中的男性家长以及僧尼这类出家人;世俗家庭中的继承人大多是立嘱人的亲属,包括他们的子女、兄弟、侄甥、妻妾等;出家人的继承人范围较广,不但包括了俗家亲属,还包括了寺院和同一寺院的僧侣,但大多是留给了俗家的亲族。这里,笔者还分析了女子的继承问题;证人大多是立嘱人的亲属和具有官方身份的人员,回鹘文遗嘱中的证人还包括了僧侣和神话中的神;第四层是遗产研究。这里主要研究遗产的种类以及僧尼财产等问题;第五层是立嘱人要求研究。立嘱人对继承人和其他亲族的要求大多是不要争产,也有限制妻子改嫁的要求;第六层是违约惩罚研究,主要包括精神惩罚、物质惩罚以及官罚;第七层是当事人署名及印记研究,主要包括花押、指节线、掌印、签字和印章。 第四部分主要是通过对前两个部分的研究,探索遗嘱格式与内容中包含的某些乡规民约,进而分析边疆地区与内地的联系。在格式上,笔者主要从日期位置的格式、遗嘱合法性证明的格式套语以及“一式两份”格式来探索当地当时的一些乡规民约以及边疆与内地的联系;在内容上,笔者主要从第三部分研究中的九个层次的内容出发,分别就18篇遗嘱进行研究,分析内地、敦煌、吐鲁番遗嘱在内容的区别和联系,探讨当地的乡规民约及边疆与内地的联系。 第五部分为本文的结语,对本文的研究内容作一个小结。
[Abstract]:A testament is a testamentary written before the testator's death in front of the heirs and witnesses concerning the distribution of his or her own family property. There are nine aspects of the signature and mortgage of the party concerned, which involve the distribution of property and inheritance, family relations, social relations and so on. The wills of different ages, regions and nationalities have their own characteristics, and have many similarities in form and content. Format and content, study the age characteristics of the evolution of testamentary form and content, find out some local rules and regulations through comparative study, and understand the relationship between inland and border areas.
This article mainly includes five parts:
The first part is the preface, which mainly expounds the definition and content of testament, tells the date and origin of the materials used in this paper, describes the research status of testament, the problems in previous studies and the significance of this study.
The second part is the study of testamentary form, mainly including three levels of content. First of all, the author briefly introduces the materials used in this paper through a list; then according to the most complete form of the testament to list, 18 will format into the table, it can be seen that a Han Dynasty will has been basically formed, but until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan. The position of the term clause is not fixed, and some clauses are sometimes absent. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the form of the will was fully fixed and mature.
The third part is the content of the testament.The author divides the nine contents of the complete Testament into seven levels and studies the list of 18 testaments.The first level is the date of the testament. The reason of making a will mostly includes two aspects: the testator is afraid of old age, sickness and shortly after death, and the testator is afraid of death after relatives contend for money, so to protect the execution of the will in the form of law; the third layer is the study of the testator. In this layer, the parties are divided into three sub-levels. Research, that is, testator, heir and witness research. From the list analysis, we can see: the testator is generally male parents in the family and monks and nuns such as monks and nuns; secular family heirs are mostly relatives of the testator, including their children, brothers, nephews, wives and concubines; the scope of the heirs of the family is wider, not only Here, the author also analyzes the issue of women's inheritance; witnesses are mostly relatives of the testator and those with official status; witnesses in Uighur testaments include monks and mythological gods; and the fourth is heritage research. The fifth layer is the testator's requirement for research. The testator's requirement for heirs and other relatives is mostly not to fight for property, but also to restrict the remarriage of wives. The sixth layer is the study of breach of contract punishment, mainly including spiritual punishment, material punishment and official punishment. The seventh layer is the matter. The study of signature and imprint mainly includes the pledge, the knuckle line, the handprint, the signature and the seal.
The fourth part is mainly through the study of the first two parts, to explore the form and content of the testament contained in some of the township conventions, and then analyze the relationship between the border areas and the mainland. In the content, the author mainly studies 18 testaments from the nine levels of the third part, analyzes the differences and connections among the contents of the testaments of the Mainland, Dunhuang and Turpan, and explores the local rules and regulations and the relations between the frontier and the Mainland.
The fifth part is the conclusion of this article, and makes a brief summary of the research content of this article.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929;D923.5
本文编号：2205233
[Abstract]:A testament is a testamentary written before the testator's death in front of the heirs and witnesses concerning the distribution of his or her own family property. There are nine aspects of the signature and mortgage of the party concerned, which involve the distribution of property and inheritance, family relations, social relations and so on. The wills of different ages, regions and nationalities have their own characteristics, and have many similarities in form and content. Format and content, study the age characteristics of the evolution of testamentary form and content, find out some local rules and regulations through comparative study, and understand the relationship between inland and border areas.
This article mainly includes five parts:
The first part is the preface, which mainly expounds the definition and content of testament, tells the date and origin of the materials used in this paper, describes the research status of testament, the problems in previous studies and the significance of this study.
The second part is the study of testamentary form, mainly including three levels of content. First of all, the author briefly introduces the materials used in this paper through a list; then according to the most complete form of the testament to list, 18 will format into the table, it can be seen that a Han Dynasty will has been basically formed, but until the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Japan. The position of the term clause is not fixed, and some clauses are sometimes absent. It was not until the Five Dynasties that the form of the will was fully fixed and mature.
The third part is the content of the testament.The author divides the nine contents of the complete Testament into seven levels and studies the list of 18 testaments.The first level is the date of the testament. The reason of making a will mostly includes two aspects: the testator is afraid of old age, sickness and shortly after death, and the testator is afraid of death after relatives contend for money, so to protect the execution of the will in the form of law; the third layer is the study of the testator. In this layer, the parties are divided into three sub-levels. Research, that is, testator, heir and witness research. From the list analysis, we can see: the testator is generally male parents in the family and monks and nuns such as monks and nuns; secular family heirs are mostly relatives of the testator, including their children, brothers, nephews, wives and concubines; the scope of the heirs of the family is wider, not only Here, the author also analyzes the issue of women's inheritance; witnesses are mostly relatives of the testator and those with official status; witnesses in Uighur testaments include monks and mythological gods; and the fourth is heritage research. The fifth layer is the testator's requirement for research. The testator's requirement for heirs and other relatives is mostly not to fight for property, but also to restrict the remarriage of wives. The sixth layer is the study of breach of contract punishment, mainly including spiritual punishment, material punishment and official punishment. The seventh layer is the matter. The study of signature and imprint mainly includes the pledge, the knuckle line, the handprint, the signature and the seal.
The fourth part is mainly through the study of the first two parts, to explore the form and content of the testament contained in some of the township conventions, and then analyze the relationship between the border areas and the mainland. In the content, the author mainly studies 18 testaments from the nine levels of the third part, analyzes the differences and connections among the contents of the testaments of the Mainland, Dunhuang and Turpan, and explores the local rules and regulations and the relations between the frontier and the Mainland.
The fifth part is the conclusion of this article, and makes a brief summary of the research content of this article.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929;D923.5
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