二元主权：宪法进入边沁法律系统的途径
发布时间：2018-08-31 20:51
【摘要】： 边沁在其早期作品中明确提出,法律只不过是主权者的意志表示或者主权者的命令而已。主权者的权威是无限的,除非其本身同意根据一个明确的协定服从另一主权者;否则,每一个主权者都不受法律限制。但是边沁在后来的重要作品——《宪法典》一书中又认为,宪法作为法律体系的一个部门,可以限制主权者。如此以来,宪法作为“法律”可以限制不受“法律”限制的主权者就成为一个悖论。 边沁认为,主权概念涉及到两个组织之间的关系,即人民与主权者之间的关系。在这种关系当中,没有任何一方可以完全地至高无上,两方存在于一种动态的博弈关系之中。这种动态的博弈关系成就了主权,也同时迫使主权者不会仅仅凭借自己的意志颁布宪法,因为主权者为了使自己的统治能够持续下去,它必须在这种动态的关系当中观察人民的意愿,并且将这种意愿表达在未来的宪法当中。宪法也因此获得了来自公共领域的道德约束力,这种道德约束力使得主权者自觉地接受宪法的约束。宪法也因为包含法律的两项本质要素——行为(主权者的行为)以及针对这种行为的意志(主权者的意志和人民的意志)而成为法律。 边沁认为,人民在上述博弈过程中扮演着两种角色:第一种角色为制度上的角色,即选任和罢黜官员;第二种角色涉及道德自治领域,即作为“公意裁判机构”(POT)的成员。通过扮演这两种角色,掌握着“政治主权”的人民就能够时刻抗衡掌握着“法律主权”的主权者,包含着人民意志的宪法也因此能够作为“法律”,有效地迫使主权者进行自我限制。
[Abstract]:Bentham made it clear in his early works that the law was nothing more than the will of the sovereign or the commandment of the sovereign. The authority of a sovereign is unlimited, and every sovereign is free from law unless he himself agrees to serve from another sovereign under a clear agreement. But in his later important work, the Constitution, Bentham argued that the Constitution, as a department of the legal system, could restrict the sovereign. Thus, it is a paradox that the Constitution, as a law, can restrict the sovereign who is not subject to the law. Bentham believes that the concept of sovereignty involves the relationship between the two organizations, that is, the relationship between the people and the sovereign. In this relationship, no party can be completely supreme, the two sides exist in a dynamic game relationship. This dynamic game relationship creates sovereignty and forces the sovereign not only to enact the constitution of his own will, but also to make his rule sustainable. It must observe the will of the people in this dynamic relationship and express that will in the future constitution. As a result, the Constitution acquires moral binding from the public sphere, which makes the sovereign voluntarily subject to the Constitution. The Constitution also becomes law because it contains two essential elements of law-acts (acts of the sovereign) and will against such acts (the will of the sovereign and the will of the people). Bentham believes that the people play two roles in the above game process: the first is the institutional role, that is, to elect and depose officials, and the second is to play a role in the field of moral autonomy, that is, to be a member of the (POT). By playing these two roles, the people who hold "political sovereignty" can always contend with the sovereignty of the "legal sovereignty", and the constitution, which contains the will of the people, can therefore be "the law". Effectively forcing the sovereign to limit himself.
【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D911;D909.1
本文编号：2216122
[Abstract]:Bentham made it clear in his early works that the law was nothing more than the will of the sovereign or the commandment of the sovereign. The authority of a sovereign is unlimited, and every sovereign is free from law unless he himself agrees to serve from another sovereign under a clear agreement. But in his later important work, the Constitution, Bentham argued that the Constitution, as a department of the legal system, could restrict the sovereign. Thus, it is a paradox that the Constitution, as a law, can restrict the sovereign who is not subject to the law. Bentham believes that the concept of sovereignty involves the relationship between the two organizations, that is, the relationship between the people and the sovereign. In this relationship, no party can be completely supreme, the two sides exist in a dynamic game relationship. This dynamic game relationship creates sovereignty and forces the sovereign not only to enact the constitution of his own will, but also to make his rule sustainable. It must observe the will of the people in this dynamic relationship and express that will in the future constitution. As a result, the Constitution acquires moral binding from the public sphere, which makes the sovereign voluntarily subject to the Constitution. The Constitution also becomes law because it contains two essential elements of law-acts (acts of the sovereign) and will against such acts (the will of the sovereign and the will of the people). Bentham believes that the people play two roles in the above game process: the first is the institutional role, that is, to elect and depose officials, and the second is to play a role in the field of moral autonomy, that is, to be a member of the (POT). By playing these two roles, the people who hold "political sovereignty" can always contend with the sovereignty of the "legal sovereignty", and the constitution, which contains the will of the people, can therefore be "the law". Effectively forcing the sovereign to limit himself.
【学位授予单位】：厦门大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D911;D909.1
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