威尼斯共和宪政研究
发布时间：2018-09-10 11:40
【摘要】： 宪政的永恒主题是通过制度设计与安排以限制国家政治权力,防止权力被滥用,保障人们的自由权利。中世纪的威尼斯城邦围绕这一主题,建立起了一套虽不完善但可谓成功的宪政制度,并顺利运行数百年之久。 威尼斯宪政的建立与发展得益于得天独厚的自然和历史条件。它凭借偏居海滨一隅的有利地理位置,避开了欧洲大陆上的争端与战争,使独树一帜的宪政制度得以在中世纪的封建土壤中萌发生机。又由于狭小的土地和不利的气候而难以开展有效的农业生产,威尼斯建国伊始就走上了“以商立国”的道路。在数百年的历史上,商业贸易一直是威尼斯宪政的深层社会经济基础。同时,远离国际纷争又为威尼斯宪政赢得了良好的发展空间,而罗马宪政的遗风则为威尼斯宪政提供了宝贵的历史文化资源。 威尼斯宪政的历史大致经历了四个发展阶段。首先是“童年”时期,大约5-8世纪,此时威尼斯刚刚建国,采用的是“民众会议——军事首领”协商治国模式,初步确定了共和宪政的政治基调和未来发展走向。其次是“青年”时期,大约8-13世纪,此时威尼斯商人统治阶级按照自己的政治理想和国情现实,建立健全了国家政治机构,明确了各种机构的职权分工及其相互关系,一套具有鲜明共和色彩的政治体制基本成形。再次是“成年”时期,大约13-17世纪,在这一时期,尽管普通民众的直接参政权仍受到极大的限制,但各政治机构之间的制约平衡关系开始成为国家权力结构的主导机制,宪政制度趋于成熟,并给威尼斯带来了几百年的稳定繁荣局面。最后是“老年”时期,大约17-18世纪,这一时期因商路的断绝直接导致了威尼斯经济的衰落和宪政的灭亡。 政治权力的分立与制衡是威尼斯宪政的最本质内容。威尼斯的国家政府是由若干独立机构组成的,每个机构都有自己的职责范围,国家权力系统呈现“块状”分割结构。其中,大议事会是共和国的立法机关、公职选任机关和最高权力机关,元老院、总督、执政团、谘议团组成国家最高行政决策与执行机关,四十人委员会、十人委员会则相当于共和国的司法机关。三个系统之间虽然在人事上有所交叉,但在职权上是相互分立的。不仅如此,三个权力系统之间还呈现出相互制约与平衡的特点。这就使得国家政治权力从未集中于少数贵族寡头手中,而是由数以千计的贵族以民主表决的方式共同分享。平民虽无权接近权力体系的中心,但没有被完全排除在国家事务之外,他们仍可在边缘之处以其特有的方式对政治生活打上自己的印痕。 浓郁的自由气息和鲜明的法治色彩是威尼斯宪政的主要特征。威尼斯是中世纪欧洲自由度最高的国家,威尼斯的公民所享有的政治经济思想自由令当时欧洲各国都难以望其项背。为保障公民的自由特别是财产自由,抢劫、盗窃等犯罪行为均被威尼斯刑法列为重点打击的对象。尽管那时的成文法还不甚发达,但威尼斯毕竟在实践中走出了一条以行政法治、立法法治和司法法治约束权力的宪政之路。 威尼斯宪政是立足本国现实需求的杰作,是威尼斯人民政治智慧的结晶。它创制的以分权制衡为核心并兼具一定民主性的宪政模式,既规制和满足了人们对政治参与和分享权力的渴求,又不让任何个人或集团长期地垄断国家权力,从而一方面防止了专制独裁的出现,另一方面又避免了同期佛罗伦萨那种贵族宗派之间的权力斗争,给威尼斯带来了数百年的政治稳定和经济繁荣,创造了举世瞩目的“威尼斯神话”。 当然,对于威尼斯的宪政制度也不宜评价过高。与古希腊罗马的古典宪政和17世纪以后民族主权国家的现代宪政相比,威尼斯城市共和宪政还存在相当大的差距。威尼斯没有成文宪法,也没有形成能够代表“宪法性法律”的特定立法或司法机关,多元分权制衡体制又在一定程度上妨碍了行政效能。特别是由于威尼斯宪政依托于一个弹丸城邦,缺乏强有力的民族国家作支撑,因而其生命力是极为脆弱的。一旦海商命脉被切断,威尼斯宪政必将伴随着城邦国家的覆灭而宣告终结。
[Abstract]:The eternal theme of constitutionalism is to restrict the state's political power, prevent the abuse of power, and protect people's freedom and rights through system design and arrangement.
The establishment and development of Venice's constitutionalism benefited from its unique natural and historical conditions. It avoided disputes and wars on the European continent by virtue of its advantageous geographical position in the coastal corner, and enabled its unique constitutional system to germinate in the feudal soil of the Middle Ages. In order to develop effective agricultural production, Venice embarked on the road of "establishing a state by commerce" at the beginning of its founding. In the history of hundreds of years, commercial trade has been the deep social and economic foundation of Venice's constitutional government. Constitutionalism has provided valuable historical and cultural resources.
The history of constitutionalism in Venice has undergone four stages of development. First, the period of childhood, about the fifth and eighth centuries, when Venice was just founded, it adopted the mode of "popular conference-military leader" to negotiate and govern the country. The political tone and future development trend of the constitutionalism in the Republic were initially determined. Second, the period of "youth", about 8-13. In the 20th century, the ruling class of Venetian merchants established and perfected the state political institutions in accordance with their own political ideals and realities of national conditions, clarified the division of powers and relations among the various institutions, and basically formed a political system with distinct Republican colors. Again, the "adult" period, about the 13th to 17th centuries, during this period, although The direct political participation of ordinary people is still greatly restricted, but the balance of restrictions among the political institutions has become the dominant mechanism of the state power structure. The constitutional system has matured and brought stability and prosperity to Venice for hundreds of years. It has directly led to the decline of Venice's economy and the demise of constitutional government.
Separation and checks and balances of political power are the most essential content of Venice's constitutional government. The Venetian national government is composed of several independent institutions, each with its own scope of responsibility, and the state power system presents a "block" structure of separation. The Senate, the Governor, the Executive Council and the Consultative Council constitute the supreme executive decision-making and executive organ of the state, the 40-member Committee and the 10-member Committee are equivalent to the judicial organs of the republic. This makes the political power of the state never centralized in the hands of a few aristocratic oligarchs, but shared by thousands of aristocrats by democratic vote. Political life marks itself.
Venice was the country with the highest degree of freedom in medieval Europe. The freedom of political and economic thought enjoyed by the citizens of Venice made it difficult for all European countries at that time. Although the statute law at that time was not very developed, Venice, after all, had embarked on a constitutional road in practice, which was governed by administrative law, legislative law and judicial law.
The Venetian constitutionalism is a masterpiece based on the realistic needs of Venice and the crystallization of the Venetian people's political wisdom.It creates a constitutional model with decentralization and checks and balances as the core and a certain degree of democracy, which not only regulates and satisfies people's desire for political participation and power sharing, but also allows no individual or group to monopolize state power for a long time. On the one hand, it prevented the emergence of autocratic dictatorship, on the other hand, it avoided the power struggle between the aristocratic sects of Florence in the same period. It brought about hundreds of years of political stability and economic prosperity in Venice, and created a world-famous "Venetian myth".
Of course, the constitutional system of Venice should not be overrated. Compared with the classical constitutionalism of ancient Greece and Rome and the modern constitutionalism of national sovereignty countries after the 17th century, there is still a considerable gap between the urban republicanism of Venice and the constitutionalism of Venice. The judiciary, the system of multiple decentralization and checks and balances, to a certain extent, hampers the administrative efficiency. Especially because Venice's constitutional government relies on a city-state of bullets and lacks the support of a powerful nation-state, its vitality is extremely fragile. Declare an end.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：DD911;D954.6
[Abstract]:The eternal theme of constitutionalism is to restrict the state's political power, prevent the abuse of power, and protect people's freedom and rights through system design and arrangement.
The establishment and development of Venice's constitutionalism benefited from its unique natural and historical conditions. It avoided disputes and wars on the European continent by virtue of its advantageous geographical position in the coastal corner, and enabled its unique constitutional system to germinate in the feudal soil of the Middle Ages. In order to develop effective agricultural production, Venice embarked on the road of "establishing a state by commerce" at the beginning of its founding. In the history of hundreds of years, commercial trade has been the deep social and economic foundation of Venice's constitutional government. Constitutionalism has provided valuable historical and cultural resources.
The history of constitutionalism in Venice has undergone four stages of development. First, the period of childhood, about the fifth and eighth centuries, when Venice was just founded, it adopted the mode of "popular conference-military leader" to negotiate and govern the country. The political tone and future development trend of the constitutionalism in the Republic were initially determined. Second, the period of "youth", about 8-13. In the 20th century, the ruling class of Venetian merchants established and perfected the state political institutions in accordance with their own political ideals and realities of national conditions, clarified the division of powers and relations among the various institutions, and basically formed a political system with distinct Republican colors. Again, the "adult" period, about the 13th to 17th centuries, during this period, although The direct political participation of ordinary people is still greatly restricted, but the balance of restrictions among the political institutions has become the dominant mechanism of the state power structure. The constitutional system has matured and brought stability and prosperity to Venice for hundreds of years. It has directly led to the decline of Venice's economy and the demise of constitutional government.
Separation and checks and balances of political power are the most essential content of Venice's constitutional government. The Venetian national government is composed of several independent institutions, each with its own scope of responsibility, and the state power system presents a "block" structure of separation. The Senate, the Governor, the Executive Council and the Consultative Council constitute the supreme executive decision-making and executive organ of the state, the 40-member Committee and the 10-member Committee are equivalent to the judicial organs of the republic. This makes the political power of the state never centralized in the hands of a few aristocratic oligarchs, but shared by thousands of aristocrats by democratic vote. Political life marks itself.
Venice was the country with the highest degree of freedom in medieval Europe. The freedom of political and economic thought enjoyed by the citizens of Venice made it difficult for all European countries at that time. Although the statute law at that time was not very developed, Venice, after all, had embarked on a constitutional road in practice, which was governed by administrative law, legislative law and judicial law.
The Venetian constitutionalism is a masterpiece based on the realistic needs of Venice and the crystallization of the Venetian people's political wisdom.It creates a constitutional model with decentralization and checks and balances as the core and a certain degree of democracy, which not only regulates and satisfies people's desire for political participation and power sharing, but also allows no individual or group to monopolize state power for a long time. On the one hand, it prevented the emergence of autocratic dictatorship, on the other hand, it avoided the power struggle between the aristocratic sects of Florence in the same period. It brought about hundreds of years of political stability and economic prosperity in Venice, and created a world-famous "Venetian myth".
Of course, the constitutional system of Venice should not be overrated. Compared with the classical constitutionalism of ancient Greece and Rome and the modern constitutionalism of national sovereignty countries after the 17th century, there is still a considerable gap between the urban republicanism of Venice and the constitutionalism of Venice. The judiciary, the system of multiple decentralization and checks and balances, to a certain extent, hampers the administrative efficiency. Especially because Venice's constitutional government relies on a city-state of bullets and lacks the support of a powerful nation-state, its vitality is extremely fragile. Declare an end.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：DD911;D954.6
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