权力与权利的界分方式新探——对“法不禁止即自由”的反思

发布时间：2018-09-17 12:53

【摘要】："法不禁止即可为"和"法无授权即禁止"通常被援引为保护私权利和限制公权力的原则,但它们只在有限的范围内发挥作用。在规范层面,私权利和公权力均以授权性和禁止性规则出现,作为"特权"的权利实际上适用着"法无授权即禁止",而作为自由裁量的权力实际上适用着"法不禁止即可为"。在实践中,私权利"法不禁止即可为"和公权力"法无授权即禁止"的古典自由主义难以满足积极自由的要求。要正确理解和应用"法不禁止即可为"和"法无授权即禁止",必须对法、自由和权力进行界分:第一,立法必须承认绝对免于公权力干预之最低限度的自由;第二,既然自由被界分为消极自由和积极自由,而权力具有"政治统治职能"和"社会服务职能",那么,要保障消极自由不被侵犯,公权力应遵循"法无授权即禁止",为促进积极自由得以实现,公权力可适用"法不禁止即可为"。
[Abstract]:"not prohibited by law" and "prohibited by law without authorization" are usually invoked as principles of protection of private rights and limitation of public power, but they function only to a limited extent. On the normative level, private rights and public power both appear as the rules of authorization and prohibition. As "privilege", the right of "privilege" is actually applied to "prohibition without authorization of law", while the power of discretion actually applies "that is, without prohibition of law". In practice, the classical liberalism, whose private right "can not be prohibited by law" and "the law of public power" is prohibited without authorization, can hardly satisfy the requirement of positive freedom. In order to correctly understand and apply "the law is not prohibited" and "the law is prohibited without authorization", a distinction must be made between law, freedom and power: first, legislation must recognize the minimum freedom from interference by public power; and second, Since freedom is divided into negative freedoms and positive freedoms, and power has the functions of "political domination" and "social service", it is important to ensure that negative freedoms are not violated, In order to promote the realization of positive freedom, the public power should be subject to the prohibition of law without authorization, and the public power can be applied to "not prohibited by law".
【作者单位】：武汉大学法学院;
【分类号】：D90

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