论美国刑事诉讼的宪法性质及其借鉴

发布时间：2018-09-19 18:45

【摘要】：刑事诉讼法是规定国家如何行使刑罚权的法律部门,在追诉犯罪的过程中,国家权力可能会直接延伸到个人的自由权利空间,此时,国家权力与个人权利就不可避免地发生直接碰撞。因此在所有的诉讼程序中,刑事诉讼中权力权利之间的对抗最为激烈,刑事程序运行的结果更是关系到自由甚至生命;同时刑事程序又非常特殊,一方面它作为保障社会秩序的终极手段,另一方面它又是个人捍卫自身完整、独立于社会存在的最后机会。而宪法的中心任务就是保护权利和限制权力,由于在保护人权方面,刑事诉讼法与宪法有着相同的立法目的,因此二者有着天然的联系。美国刑事司法制度的最大特点,就是将一些直接涉及公民人权和自由的诉讼行为上升到宪法高度,为公民在刑事诉讼中的权利提供宪法性保障。美国拥有十分庞大而复杂的、与来源于宪法性解释的刑事司法相关的法律汇编。因此,有必要对于美国刑事诉讼的宪法性质加以全面而详细的论述,这对于我国一些基本的刑事诉讼基本原则入宪也有一定的借鉴意义。美国刑事诉讼宪法性质的形成有其独特的历史背景和发展条件,殖民地时期美国人民深受英国自然法的影响,相信“天赋人权”,独立革命后,美国的先驱者按照孟德斯鸠社会契约论的观点建立新政府,实行分权的政治体制统治,英国的法律至上观念在美国表现为宪法至上,宪法在美国是“高级法”。联邦宪法在其文本中重点和详尽地规定刑事诉讼制度,使得其刑事诉讼法具有了至高无上的法律渊源。分权的政治体制、判例法的传统以及完善的宪法救济制度都为美国刑事诉讼宪法性质的发展巩固起到了一定的作用。美国刑事诉讼宪法性质主要表现在两个方面,一是在宪法文本中诸多刑事诉讼基本权利的规定,比如《权利法案》中有多达十二项关于刑事诉讼基本权利的规定;二是刑事正当程序的规定,联邦宪法第五修正案和第十四修正案都规定了正当程序,两个条款有其内在的区别与联系。其他有关刑事诉讼的规定也被包含在联邦宪法之中,比如法院体系,管辖制度等,此外,日益受重视的被害人权利入宪也只是个时间问题,同时,美国刑事诉讼法在宪法领域内也面临着很多新的问题,如有关规则面临的新挑战,高科技手段的影响,民族种族问题等。随着各国纷纷加入《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》等国际性公约,刑事诉讼宪法化已经成为一种国际趋势。相比之下,我国有不小的差距,很多属于基本人权范畴的刑事诉讼权利以及正当程序的规定在宪法中并未得到体现,刑事诉讼权利和刑事正当程序缺少宪法渊源,很容易遭到侵犯,我国国情不同于美国,比如在政治体制、法律传统和宪法救济方面就有很大的不同,因此,参照美国经验的同时,应该根据我国国情,探寻适合我国的刑事诉讼宪法化道路。
[Abstract]:The Code of Criminal procedure is a legal department that specifies how the state exercises the right to penalty. In the process of prosecuting a crime, the power of the state may extend directly to the space of the individual's free right. At this time, State power and individual rights inevitably collide directly. Therefore, in all the proceedings, the confrontation between the rights of power in the criminal proceedings is the most fierce, the result of the operation of the criminal procedure is even more related to freedom and even life; at the same time, the criminal procedure is very special. On the one hand, it is the ultimate means to safeguard social order, on the other hand, it is the last opportunity for individuals to defend their own integrity and independence from social existence. The central task of the constitution is to protect and restrict the power. Because the criminal procedure law and the constitution have the same legislative purpose in the protection of human rights, the two have a natural connection. The greatest characteristic of the American criminal justice system is to raise some litigation acts directly related to the human rights and freedoms of citizens to the height of the Constitution and to provide constitutional protection for the rights of citizens in criminal proceedings. The United States has a very large and complex collection of criminal justice related to constitutional interpretation. Therefore, it is necessary to make a comprehensive and detailed discussion on the constitutional nature of American criminal procedure, which has some reference significance for some basic principles of criminal procedure in our country. The formation of the constitutional nature of American criminal procedure has its unique historical background and development conditions. During the colonial period, the American people were deeply influenced by British natural law and believed that "natural human rights", after the independent revolution, According to Montesquieu's view of social contract, American pioneers established a new government and exercised a decentralized political system. In the United States, the supremacy of the British law was manifested as the supremacy of the constitution, which was the "higher law" in the United States. The federal constitution lays down the criminal procedure system in detail in its text, which makes the criminal procedure law have supreme legal origin. The political system of separation of powers, the tradition of case law and the perfect system of constitutional remedy have played a certain role in the development and consolidation of the constitutional nature of American criminal procedure. The constitutional nature of American criminal procedure is mainly manifested in two aspects. One is that there are as many provisions on the basic rights of criminal procedure in the text of the Constitution, for example, there are as many as 12 provisions on the basic rights of criminal procedure in the Bill of Rights; Second, the provisions of criminal due process, the Fifth Amendment and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Federal Constitution provide for due process, the two provisions have their inherent differences and links. Other provisions on criminal proceedings are also included in the federal constitution, such as the court system, the jurisdiction system, and so on. In addition, it is only a matter of time before the increasingly valued rights of victims are included in the Constitution. The United States Criminal procedure Law also faces many new problems in the constitutional field, such as the new challenges to the relevant rules, the influence of high-tech means, the issue of ethnic groups, and so on. With the accession of countries to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and political Rights, constitutionalization of criminal proceedings has become an international trend. In contrast, there is not a small gap in our country. Many of the criminal procedural rights and due process provisions belonging to the basic human rights category have not been reflected in the Constitution, and the criminal procedural rights and due process lack the constitutional origin. Our national conditions are very different from those of the United States. For example, there are very different political systems, legal traditions and constitutional remedies. Therefore, when referring to the experience of the United States, we should, at the same time, take the situation of our country into account. To explore the constitutional road of criminal procedure suitable for our country.
【学位授予单位】：郑州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D971.2;DD915.3;DD911

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