论英国1848年《公共卫生法案》

  本文关键词：论英国1848年《公共卫生法案》，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        公共卫生问题是城市化进程中重要的社会问题,公共卫生政策也是公共政策最重要的方面。公共卫生不仅关系到城市的健康发展,更关乎到社会秩序的稳定和谐。自工业革命以来,社会经济高速的发展使得城市化过程加速推进,各种社会问题由此产生,其中公共卫生问题尤其严峻。19世纪三、四十年代,面对如此严峻的公共卫生问题,在一大批公共卫生改革者的推动下,英国议会通过《1848年公共卫生法》,法案标志着中央政府开始放弃自由主义的原则,突破地方自治的传统,通过立法手段对公共卫生领域进行干预,法案在供水、排污、垃圾处理、住房等问题上规定了政府的责任和义务；设立英国历史上第一个公共卫生机构——中央卫生委员会,对公共卫生进行国家层面的管理和监督。因此,法案为英国公共卫生改革运动开辟了道路,确立了发展的方向。本文分为三章,主要内容如下：第一章主要阐述1848年《公共卫生法案》颁布的背景,围绕着城市环境、疾病和当时的公共卫生管理三方面展开,结合史料总结19世纪上半叶英国公共卫生状况特征,从城市生活环境、工作环境和城市自然环境三方面,分层次、多角度的介绍这一时期恶劣的城市卫生状况。以探求导致19世纪三、四十年代公共卫生改革的深层次原因。接着阐述19世纪上半叶英国社会的疾病与健康状况,分别介绍这一时期传染病、流行病和职业病的爆发情况,并且指出其与公共卫生状况之间的因果关系。在此基础上阐述这一时期英国的公共卫生管理机构和运行状况,指出这种传统的农业社会的管理体系不能满足工业化社会的要求。第二章主要论述19世纪三、四十年代的公共卫生改革运动和1848年《公共卫生法案》的制定过程。首先论述19世纪三、四十年代公共卫生改革运动的兴起、发展和取得的成果,指出改革运动为公共卫生法案的提出奠定坚实的社会基础,运动中涌现出的各种公共卫生思想成为公共卫生议案内容的主要来源。其次,阐述1848年《公共卫生法案》的提出及其主要内容,莫派斯议员1847-1848年两次向议会提交公共卫生议案,议案集中体现了查德威克的公共卫生思想,即国家加强对公共卫生领域的干预,实行中央集权化的管理。最后一部分介绍了在法案在议会辩论过程中焦点问题。地方势力、自由主义者强烈地反对议案,与公共卫生改革的支持者在议案进行激烈的辩论,迫使议案极大地弱化了中央集权的倾向。第三章在前两章的基础之上,讨论了法案的影响和评价问题。首先,从微观的角度介绍了卫生委员会领导治理霍乱情况及其取得的成果；接着从中观的角度阐述法案初步建立国家卫生体系；其次,从宏观的角度上论述了法案开创了国家干预公共卫生事业的模式这一深远的意义。最后,从积极和消极两个方面来客观的评价法案,给法案做历史定位。最后,总结了1848年《公共卫生法案》立法的源起、过程和结果,在此基础之上讨论进入工业化社会国家在公共卫生领域应该履行的职责。

    Public health is an important social problem in the process of urbanization. The public health policy is also one of the most essential aspects of public policy. Public health is not only related to the urban development, but also to the stability of the social order and harmony. Since the industrial revolution, the rapid development of social economy has accelerated the urbanization process greatly, resulting in various social problems, among which the problem of public health is especially serious. During1830s and1840s, facing such a severe public health problem, driven by a large number of public health reformers, the British Parliament passed the1848Public Health Act which marks the central government began to abandon the principles of Laissez-Faire, breaking with the tradition of local self-governance by means of legislative interventions in the field of public health. With respect to water supply, sewage, waste disposal, housing and other issues, the act specifies the responsibilities and obligations of the government. The act also establishes the first public health agency in British history-the Central Health Committee, managing and supervising public health at the national level. Therefore, the act has stricken a way for the British public health reform movement by establishing the direction of its development in the future. This paper is divided into three chapters and their main contents are as follows:The first chapter mainly elaborates the background of the1848Public Health Act which focuses on three aspects:urban environment, disease and the public health management at the time. The paper summarizes the characteristics of British public health conditions, combining historical materials, which are classified into three aspects:living, working and natural environment in the cities. The severe health status in cities is introduced in multi-layers and multi-angles in order to seek deep reasons for the public health reform movement during1830s and1840s. Then the author describes the disease and health conditions of British society in the first half of19th century by separately introducing the infectious diseases, epidemics and occupational diseases of this period, therefore points out their relationship with the public health situations. Based on the argument above, the paper describes the British public health administrative organizations and their operating situations and points out that this management system of traditional agricultural society cannot meet the requirements of an industrialized society.The second chapter mainly discusses the public health reform movement in1830s and1840s and the making process of the1848Public Health Act. First of all, the author introduces the origin, development and achievement of the public health reform movement during1830s and1840s. The paper also illustrates thoroughly the solid social basis of the1848Public Health Act established by this reform movement and how various thoughts on public health springing from the movement became the main resource of the content of the1848Public Health Act. Second the paper describes how the1848Public Health Act was put forward and its main content. Mopaths submitted the bill of the public health to the Parliament twice in1847-48which embodies Chadwick’s thought on public health---to strengthen national intervention in the field of public health and realize centralized management. The last part of the chapter introduces the debate on this bill in the Parliament. Local forces and liberals strongly opposed the bill and they heatedly debated with the supporters of public health reform, which greatly weakened the centralization tendency of the bill.On the basis of the first two chapters, Chapter Ⅲ discusses the impact and evaluation of the1848Public Health Act. First of all, from the point of micro view, how the health committee led the management of cholera and its achievements are introduced. Then from the perspectives of medium level, how the1848Public Health Act preliminarily established the national health system is elaborated. Furthermore, from a macro point of view, the author summarizes the profound significance of this act that it has created a mode of state intervention in public health. Finally, from both positive and negative aspects, the author evaluates the act objectively and ensures its historical position.The conclusion part summarizes the legislation’s origin, process and result of the1848Public Health Act, based on which the author discusses the state’s duties in the field of public health when the country entered into an industrial society.

          论英国1848年《公共卫生法案》

中文摘要3-5Abstract5-7导言9-17    一、研究源起9    二、研究状况9-15    三、研究方法15-16    四、研究意义16-17第一章 19世纪英国前半期公共卫生状况17-33    第一节 城市环境与公共卫生状况17-23    第二节 19世纪前期英国的疾病与健康状况23-28    第三节 19世纪前半期英国公共卫生的管理状况28-33第二章 公共卫生改革的兴起和1848年《公共卫生法案》的通过33-59    第一节 19世纪三、四十年代的公共卫生改革运动33-44    第二节 1848年《公共卫生法案》的提出和主要内容44-51    第三节 法案在议会辩论过程中的焦点问题51-59第三章 1848年《公共卫生法案》的影响及评价59-70    第一节 改善公共卫生状况59-62    第二节 初步构建英国公共卫生体系62-64    第三节 开创国家干预公共卫生事业的模式64-67    第四节 1848年《公共卫生法案》的评价67-70参考文献70-74后记74-75

  本文关键词：论英国1848年《公共卫生法案》，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。