法律实证主义者对自然法的批判及评析
发布时间：2018-10-15 09:15
【摘要】：在西方法律思想史上，绵延两百年之久的法律实证主义和自然法学的对立论战一直是法理学界关注和讨论的焦点。作为自然法的反对者，法律实证主义的兴起正是建立在对自然法学说的批判之上。任何批判思想的来源都植根于其自身理论基础之中，法律实证主义对自然法的批判思想同样也不例外。通过考察不同历史阶段的法律实证主义者针对自然法思想所提出的批判观点，我们发现，，尽管不同时期的法律实证主义者对自然法的批判内容、批判角度、批判力度都有所不同，但这些批判思想背后都被深深烙上了法律实证主义理论自身特有的印记，那就是它们始终都没有抛弃法律实证主义的中心地带—社会事实理论和分离理论，这种特定的印记赋予法律实证主义以旺盛的生命力始终顽强坚守阵地，与自然法抗衡。本文通过系统梳理不同时期的法律实证主义者对自然法的批判思想以及深入分析这些不同历史时期的自然法批判思想所体现出来的特质，以期呈现法律实证主义在近两个世纪里的思想发展动态，从而实现对法律实证主义的演变发展较为准确的理论定位。 本文主要由五个部分组成。 第一部分是引言，该部分简要介绍了法律实证主义的发展历程及法律实证主义与自然法论争的主要矛盾焦点，并对该主题的研究综述进行了阐释。 第二部分主要阐述了早期法律实证主义者对自然法思想的批驳及这一时期批判思想所体现的特点。其中边沁在功利主义原则的指导下对自然权利和社会契约论进行了歇斯底里的批判，认为二者已无法适用于19世纪进入法律改革时代的西方社会。追随边沁功利主义的奥斯丁承继了边沁关于社会契约论的反对立场，并认为自然法存在严重的语义概念上的混淆。早期法律实证主义者的自然法批判思想迎合了十九世纪资本主义法治建设的时代需求，实证主义哲学传统和科学主义观念在该批判思想中得到了充分的体现。 第三部分主要分析了二十世纪奥地利的法律实证主义者凯尔森的自然法批判思想及该批判思想的理论特色。凯尔森在新康德主义哲学和休谟哲学思想的基础上构建起“纯粹法”理论，认为法律理论要真正成为一种科学，就必须将超出经验之外的对象排除在其研究范围之外，坚决反对自然法学说所赖以存在的形而上学二元论的认识论以及自然法学者在理论学说中加入自身主观价值判断的做法。凯尔森在前人成果的基础上将法学科学化推行得更加彻底。在凯尔森看来，自然法学说虽披着法学外衣，实则却以意识形态扭曲实在法。 第四部分主要考察了新分析法学的典型代表哈特的自然法批判思想及该思想所体现的有别于前人的特质。哈特在充分吸收日常语言哲学精髓和贯彻法律实证主义传统的基础上，一方面坚决捍卫法律实证主义的根本立场，反对自然法目的论的形而上观念，主张法律实证主义传统中的法律与道德理论分离命题，与自然法思想划清界限；另一方面，哈特软化了早期的法律实证主义者强硬的“分离”立场，调整了法律实证主义的批判策略，承认“最低限度自然法”的存在，主张法律实际上反映了道德的内容。哈特的自然法批判思想是法律实证主义的一次涅磐重生，它实现了法律实证主义发展的不断革新和超越，使法律实证主义思想更加符合社会现实的需要，在实践中具有更加强大的生命力。 最后一部分是对法律实证主义者对自然法的批判这一主题的总结。法律实证主义并不是一个固步自封、一成不变的学术流派。随着时代的更替以及学术领域日新月异的发展，法律实证主义在坚守其根本立场的同时也在不断吸收着其它学派的先进成果。新时期法律实证主义对自然法批判策略的调整并非动摇其反自然法的根本立场，更不存在法律实证主义的自我解构。相反，通过法律实证主义内部的调整和扬弃，法律实证主义更能契合当今社会的发展。此外，法律实证主义在批判自然法的同时也存在着其自身无法克服的局限性。
[Abstract]:In the history of western legal thoughts, the two centuries' long legal history and the opposition of natural law have always been the focus of attention and discussion in the field of law. As an opponent of the law, the rise of the legal system is based on the criticism of natural law. The source of any critical thought is rooted in its own theory, and the legal positivism is no exception to the critical thinking of Marxism. On the basis of the critical points raised by the legal practitioners in different historical stages, we find that, although the critical content, critical angle and critical strength of the legal practitioners in different periods are different from each other, But behind these critical thoughts, they have been deeply influenced by the special imprints of the law and the theory itself, that is, they have never abandoned the central and social fact theory and separation theory of the law theory, This particular stamp endows the law with a strong vitality and maintains its position at all times, rivaling the law. In this paper, the author systematically combs the critical thinking of the legal practitioners in different periods and deeply analyzes the characteristics of the critical thinking in these different historical periods, with a view to presenting the development of the law in the last two centuries. so as to realize the theoretical positioning of the evolution and development of the legal positivism. This article is mainly composed of five parts The first part is the introduction, this part gives a brief introduction to the development course of the legal positivism and the main contradiction focal point of the controversy between the legal positivism and the law, and reviews the research of the subject. The second part mainly expounds the criticism of the early jurist and the criticism of this period. On the guidance of the principle of utilitarianism, Bentham criticized the natural rights and the social realism, and concluded that they could not be applied to the legal reform in the 19th century. The western society in the leather times. Following the Bentham utilitarianism, he inherited the opposition position of Bentham's theory of social ethics, and concluded that there were serious problems The confusion on the concept of semantics. The critical thinking of early legal practitioners caters to the times of the construction of capitalist rule of law in the nineteenth century, and the traditional and scientism of philosophy of philosophy is in this critical thought. The third part mainly analyzes the author's critical thinking in the 20th century Austrian law. On the basis of Neo-Kantian philosophy and Hughian philosophy, Kelsen constructed the 鈥減ure method鈥
本文编号：2272064
[Abstract]:In the history of western legal thoughts, the two centuries' long legal history and the opposition of natural law have always been the focus of attention and discussion in the field of law. As an opponent of the law, the rise of the legal system is based on the criticism of natural law. The source of any critical thought is rooted in its own theory, and the legal positivism is no exception to the critical thinking of Marxism. On the basis of the critical points raised by the legal practitioners in different historical stages, we find that, although the critical content, critical angle and critical strength of the legal practitioners in different periods are different from each other, But behind these critical thoughts, they have been deeply influenced by the special imprints of the law and the theory itself, that is, they have never abandoned the central and social fact theory and separation theory of the law theory, This particular stamp endows the law with a strong vitality and maintains its position at all times, rivaling the law. In this paper, the author systematically combs the critical thinking of the legal practitioners in different periods and deeply analyzes the characteristics of the critical thinking in these different historical periods, with a view to presenting the development of the law in the last two centuries. so as to realize the theoretical positioning of the evolution and development of the legal positivism. This article is mainly composed of five parts The first part is the introduction, this part gives a brief introduction to the development course of the legal positivism and the main contradiction focal point of the controversy between the legal positivism and the law, and reviews the research of the subject. The second part mainly expounds the criticism of the early jurist and the criticism of this period. On the guidance of the principle of utilitarianism, Bentham criticized the natural rights and the social realism, and concluded that they could not be applied to the legal reform in the 19th century. The western society in the leather times. Following the Bentham utilitarianism, he inherited the opposition position of Bentham's theory of social ethics, and concluded that there were serious problems The confusion on the concept of semantics. The critical thinking of early legal practitioners caters to the times of the construction of capitalist rule of law in the nineteenth century, and the traditional and scientism of philosophy of philosophy is in this critical thought. The third part mainly analyzes the author's critical thinking in the 20th century Austrian law. On the basis of Neo-Kantian philosophy and Hughian philosophy, Kelsen constructed the 鈥減ure method鈥
本文编号：2272064
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