出生前侵害侵权法救济的根本障碍及体系克服——以德国司法实践与学说论争为借鉴

发布时间：2018-11-17 12:11

【摘要】：在我国,出生前侵害的救济是侵权法上的一个重要难题,其难点在于胎儿不具有权利能力。比较法上美国和德国对于该问题的解决,系从对出生后的人受到的损害予以救济的角度展开具体制度的构建。德国法系国家关于权利能力始于出生的规定,使得出生前侵害在进行具体的侵权法制度构建时存在一定的障碍,尤其是不能满足侵害前状态先于侵害行为和侵害结果出现的要求,因而并不能圆满地完成对于出生前侵害予以救济的任务。只有至少在侵权法领域赋予胎儿权利能力,才能够克服以上障碍。胎儿已经具有了获得部分权利能力的前提条件。虽然胎儿不具有作为人格核心标志的自由意志,不能作为人格对待,但是在出生前已经具有了生命、身体等部分人格特性,具有了人的尊严,应当被作为准人格对待。胎儿在其可以参与的法律范畴内具有成为法律关系主体的能力,应当被赋予部分的具体权利能力。
[Abstract]:In our country, the remedy of prenatal infringement is an important problem in tort law, and the difficulty is that the fetus has no right ability. In comparative law, the solution to this problem in the United States and Germany is to build a specific system from the perspective of relief to the damage suffered by the person after birth. The provisions of the German legal system about the right capacity begin at birth, which make the pre-birth infringement have some obstacles in the construction of the specific tort law system. Especially, it can not satisfy the requirement of the state before the infringement and the result of infringement, so it can not complete the task of giving relief to the abuse before birth. These obstacles can be overcome only if fetal rights are empowered at least in the area of tort law. The foetus already has the precondition that obtains partial right ability. Although the fetus does not have the free will as the core mark of personality, it can not be treated as personality, but it has some personality characteristics such as life, body and so on before birth, and has human dignity, and should be treated as quasi-personality. Foetus has the ability to be the subject of legal relationship in the scope of law in which it can participate, and should be endowed with part of the specific right capacity.
【作者单位】：首都师范大学政法学院;
【基金】：国家社科基金一般项目“媒体侵权与媒体权利保护的司法界限研究”(项目编号:12BFX082)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：D951.6;DD913

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