哈耶克的“社会秩序规则二元论”

发布时间：2018-11-21 14:56

【摘要】： 本文从政治哲学和法哲学的角度对哈耶克关于秩序及规则的理论展开讨论,不仅是对哈耶克关于秩序及规则的理路的梳理,更是在这一理路中对哈耶克相关理论之重要意义和潜在价值的思考。在充分理解哈耶克关于秩序及规则的理论的基础上,力图阐明哈耶克关于秩序、规则和社会组织的理论架构。本文首先引出哈耶克关于社会、秩序、规则三个概念的论说,通过对“内部规则”与“外部规则”、“内部秩序”与“外部秩序”的辨析,着重阐释哈耶克对两种秩序及规则的界分,并对哈耶克论及秩序和规则时频繁使用的重要术语进行澄清和说明：“意见”、“意志”、“预期、“正义”、“权利”。哈耶克关于“内部规则”和“内部秩序”的观点基于英格兰普通法法治传统。普通法中的正当程序原则由三个方面组成：“当事者主义”、“陪审裁判”、“先例约束”。本文通过对“陪审裁判”制度的阐释,说明“多数意见”如何体现出“所有人必然的且不可治愈的无知”以及它如何促成了“内部规则”的形成,进而说明普通法中的正当程序如何体现出“内部规则”的重要属性,并且哈耶克的“内部规则”和“内部秩序”可以借由这一司法过程得到演进。哈耶克关于“外部规则”的理论,与约翰·密尔所讨论过的英格兰宪政民主传统密切相关。本文力图说明一般社会组织都应借由适当程序使其“外部规则”具备更多的“内部规则”属性。许多社会组织制定外部规则的过程都包涵三个方面：当事人的意志、民主程序、两种“原则”。本文通过对民主程序的阐释,说明“多数意志”如何体现出“所有人必然的且不可治愈的无知”以及它如何促成了“外部规则”的形成,通过对两种“原则”的界分,力图说明“外部规则”在一定事态下会否认上述“无知”并失去它所应具备的“内部规则”属性,最终“外部规则”甚至可能取消“内部规则”和道德。对哈耶克自由理论和宪政主义理论的评析无法脱离哈耶克关于两种秩序及规则的论说。只有理解了两种秩序及规则之间的关系,才能理解哈耶克对现代民主政府的批判。至少在哈耶克的理路中,两种秩序及规则的理论适用于解释各种社会制度和社会文化。
[Abstract]:This paper discusses Hayek's theory of order and rules from the angle of political philosophy and legal philosophy, not only combing Hayek's theory of order and rules. In this theory, the significance and potential value of Hayek's theory are also discussed. On the basis of fully understanding Hayek's theory of order and rules, this paper tries to expound Hayek's theoretical framework on order, rules and social organization. This paper first leads to Hayek's three concepts of society, order and rule, through the differentiation and analysis of "internal rules" and "external rules", "internal order" and "external order". This paper mainly explains Hayek's distinction between the two kinds of order and rule, and clarifies and explains the important terms frequently used by Hayek in dealing with order and rule: "opinion", "will", "expectation", "justice" and "right". Hayek's views on "internal rules" and "internal order" are based on the English common law tradition. The principle of due process in common law consists of three aspects: party doctrine, jury judgment and precedent constraint. Through the interpretation of the jury judgment system, this paper explains how "majority opinion" reflects the "inevitable and irreparable ignorance of all" and how it contributes to the formation of "internal rules". Then it explains how due process in common law embodies the important attribute of "internal rules", and that Hayek's "internal rules" and "internal order" can be evolved by this judicial process. Hayek's theory of external rules is closely related to the tradition of constitutional democracy in England discussed by John Mill. This paper tries to explain that general social organizations should make their "external rules" have more "internal rules" attributes by proper procedures. The process of making external rules in many social organizations involves three aspects: the will of the parties, the democratic procedure and the two principles. This paper explains how "majority will" embodies the "inevitable and irreparable ignorance of all" and how it contributes to the formation of "external rules" by dividing the boundaries of the two "principles". This paper tries to explain that "external rules" will deny the above "ignorance" and lose its "internal rules" attribute under certain circumstances, and eventually "external rules" may even cancel "internal rules" and morality. The comment on Hayek's theory of freedom and constitutionalism cannot be separated from Hayek's theory of two kinds of order and rules. Only by understanding the relationship between the two kinds of order and rules can Hayek's criticism of modern democratic government be understood. In Hayek's theory, at least, the two theories of order and rule apply to the interpretation of various social systems and cultures.
【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D909

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