CITES的运行与履约机制及我国相关制度的完善

发布时间：2018-01-23 23:53

  本文关键词： CITES 濒危野生动植物种 运行机制 履约机制　出处：《华东政法大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 无论将野生生物视作具有本质价值的重要存在还是仅仅是一种资源,物种灭绝都是一场不可逆的巨大灾难。大规模的野生动植物贸易在物种进化过程中无疑扮演着刽子手的角色。为了规制国际野生动植物种贸易,保护野生生物,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(英文全称Convention On International Trade In Endangered Species of Fauna And Flora,英文缩写CITES,下文简称"CITES"或“公约”)于1973年诞生。作为世界上最具影响力、操作性最强的一部关于野生动植物保护和利用管理的政府间多边协定,公约制定了多种机制并对成员国提出履约要求,以期达到宗旨。 长期以来,由于中国经济高速发展,对野生动植物资源的开发利用程度急剧增大,虎、象、熊类、麝类等珍稀物种的利用,都与中国直接相关,造成了部分物种的生存面临严重威胁,这种状况对中国经济、政治、外交等国家利益也带来了负面影响。为此中国于1981年成为该公约的缔约国后,并在履行公约义务和加强野生动植物国际贸易方面做了大量工作,取得了一定成效,《中华人民共和国濒危野生动植物进出口管理条例》的施行使我国成为了履约立法一类国家,但也应意识到我国在机构设置、国内立法等方面仍存在缺陷,野生动植物保护不容乐观。另外,公约本身也不是一个一成不变的公约,它的规定、机制、关注焦点随着世界环境、政治、经济和野生动植物资源保护利用形势的变化在做出相应的调整,因此有必要有针对性地对中国野生动植物贸易和履约管理的现状及其问题并提出应对之策。 本文的第一章阐述了《濒危野生动植物种贸易公约》的产生过程与创设目的,详细介绍了公约的运行机制,包括控制机制、贸易监督机制、预防机制、制裁机制与执法合作机制,并从机构设置与立法要求两个方面研究了公约对于各个成员国的履约要求。 第二章研究了发达国家,如欧盟、美国的履约状况,从机构设置与立法现状角度探索了欧盟、美国的实践做法,分析了它们的优势与特点,如设立专门机构,重视栖息地的保护等。 第三章进行了我国野生动植物进出口贸易管理及履约方面的研究,认为：1、我国为履约设置的管理机构和科学机构职能仍不健全,不能充分行使公约的职责,在各主管部门间也缺乏有效的协调机制；2、我国在濒危野生动植物保护方面的立法仍称不上完善,具体表现在缺乏对于主管部门的监管,保护范围过于狭窄,对栖息地保护力度严重不足,立法层次不高,操作性不强,法律法规间存在不协调之处等。 第四章借鉴了欧盟、美国的履约经验,在切实可行的前提下改进中国的履约状况,加强与公约的接轨,建议措施有：1、完善主管机构的职能,明确管理机构拥有独立的行政和执法资格,加大科学机构的参与力度；2、强化部门间的协调,实行限定口岸政策,在执法方面成立协调委员会；3、扩大法律的保护范围,从立法方面保障栖息地的保护力度；4、完善对主管部门的监管体系与制度,确立主管部门行政行为不得危害濒危野生动植物种的原则；5、建立公众参与机制,为政府工作拾遗补缺。
[Abstract]:It will be regarded as an important wildlife has essential value or just is a kind of resources, species extinction is a irreversible catastrophe. The large-scale trade in wildlife in the evolutionary process will undoubtedly play the role of executioner. In order to regulate the international wildlife trade, protection of wildlife and endangered wild "animals and plants for the Convention on international trade (full name Convention On English > International Trade In Endangered Species of Fauna And Flora, English abbreviation CITES, hereinafter referred to as" CITES "or" the Convention ") was born in 1973. As the world's most influential, most of a wildlife protection and utilization management of government multilateral agreements, conventions have developed a variety of mechanism and put forward the implementation requirements of Member States, in order to achieve the purpose.
For a long time, because of Chinese high-speed economic development, development and utilization of wildlife resources is increasing rapidly, tiger, elephant, bear, the musk deer and other rare species, and are directly related to the Chinese, causing part of the survival of the species is facing a serious threat, the political status of China, economy, diplomacy etc. also the interests of the state had a negative effect. This Chinese in 1981 to become parties to the Convention, and in fulfilling their obligations under the Convention and do a lot of work to strengthen the international trade of wildlife, and achieved certain results, "People's Republic of China endangered plant implementation of the regulations on Administration of import and export of our country has become a kind of national legislations. But we should also be aware of the institutional setting of China's domestic legislation, etc. there are still shortcomings, wildlife protection is not optimistic. In addition, the convention the Convention itself is not a constant 10%, It rules, mechanism, focus as the world political, economic environment and wildlife conservation with the changes in the situation and make the appropriate adjustments, it is necessary for the current situation and problems of China wildlife trade and performance management and put forward countermeasures.
The first chapter of this paper describes the process of "endangered species Convention" and the creation of trade, introduces the operating mechanism of the Convention, including trade control mechanism, supervision mechanism, prevention mechanism, punishment mechanism and law enforcement cooperation mechanism, and the organization and the legislative requirements of two aspects of the Convention for all the members of the performance requirements.
The second chapter studies the performance of developed countries, such as the European Union and the United States, explores the practice of the European Union and the United States from the perspective of institutional setup and legislation, and analyzes their advantages and characteristics, such as the establishment of specialized agencies and the protection of habitats.
The third chapter studies, China Wildlife Import and export management and performance aspects that: 1, China's performance settings management agencies and scientific organizations function is still not perfect, can not fully exercise the Convention duties in various departments also lack of effective coordination mechanisms; 2, endangered in China wildlife protection legislation is still not perfect, in the absence of specific performance for the regulatory authorities, the scope of protection is too narrow, the habitat protection is seriously insufficient, the legislative level is not high, the operation is not strong, the inconsistent laws and regulations.
The fourth chapter based on the experience of the United States, the performance improvement, performance status China in the premise of feasible, strengthen integration with the Convention, suggestions and measures are: 1, improve the administrative institutions, clear management institutions have independent administrative and law enforcement qualification, increase science and the degree of participation; 2, strengthen coordination between departments, the implementation of limited port policy coordination committee was established in law enforcement; 3, to expand the scope of legal protection, protection from legislation protection of habitat; 4, perfect the supervision system and the system of the competent authorities, the establishment shall not endanger the endangered species of Wild Fauna and flora of the principle of administrative behavior authorities; 5, the establishment of the public participate in the mechanism, working for the government Shiyibuque.

【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.68

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