大气污染物排污权初始分配法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-27 22:16

本文选题：大气污染　切入点：排污权　出处：《山西财经大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来随着社会经济的迅猛发展,引发了一系列不容忽视的环境问题。一些企业为了加大生产力度,实现更高的经济目标,不惜以破坏生态环境为代价,以至于大气污染愈发严峻。针对这一现象《中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第五次全体会议公报》提出了建立健全用能权、用水权、排污权、碳排放权初始分配制度的构想。由此可见,环境保护与经济发展并不是不可调和的矛盾,建立一个完善的、运转有效的大气污染物排污权初始分配法律制度能够为解决保护环境与经济发展这一对问题提供解决思路。与发达国家相比,我国关于大气污染物排污权初始分配的法律制度还不够完善,相关法律制度的构建尚未形成统一的体系,在具体的制度规定上缺乏可操作性,主要表现为:首先,初始分配法律关系的主体不明确,“由谁分配,分配给谁”的问题没有作出统一的规定。其次,分配规则不明确,“如何分配”的问题未能得到有效解决,立法上的不足致使在实践中无法将初始排污权进行有效分配,各试点城市采取的分配规则迥异,导致了该项法律制度在实践中乱象频发。最后,初始分配的过程缺乏有力的监督机制加以保障,政府监督管理职能不明确,同时信息公开程度不足导致公众监督渠道闭塞。为了保障大气污染物排污权初始分配法律制度在我国顺利运行,本文通过分析排污权的相关理论,列举我国试点地区的实践情况,发现该项法律制度的不足之处,借鉴美国及欧盟先进的理论与实践经验来提出完善我国初始分配制度的构想。具体如下:第一,建立完善的大气污染物排污权初始分配法律体系,明确主体责任,合理配置分配权限,逐步扩大分配接受主体,将更多的行业纳入分配范畴,同时将更多种类的大气污染物纳入分配对象范畴。第二,制定灵活的分配规则,针对不同地区的不同情况可具体问题具体分析,选择适宜的分配规则。第三,注重市场在资源配置中的作用,加强政府监督管理的能力,此外,通过保障公众参与的途径畅通来形成一个完整的监督体系。排污权初始分配是排污权交易制度的关键环节,也是改善大气环境的重要方法,但由于受到科技水平的限制,加之全国各地经济发展水平、环境治理能力、环境执法水平等方面的差距较大,在全国范围内推行大气污染物排污权初始分配制度还需要一个过程。因此,只有从我国的基本国情出发,总结试点城市的经验教训,借鉴发达国家的成功先例,才能逐步建立起完善的大气污染物排污权初始分配制度。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the rapid development of social economy, a series of environmental problems can not be ignored. In order to increase production and achieve higher economic goals, some enterprises do not hesitate to destroy the ecological environment at the cost. As a result, air pollution is becoming more and more serious. In view of this phenomenon, the communiqu 茅 of the Fifth Plenary meeting of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed the establishment of a sound right to use energy, to use water, and to discharge pollution. From this we can see that environmental protection and economic development are not irreconcilable contradictions. An effective legal system for the initial allocation of emission rights for atmospheric pollutants can provide solutions to the twin problems of environmental protection and economic development. China's legal system on the initial allocation of emission rights of atmospheric pollutants is not perfect, the construction of relevant legal systems has not yet formed a unified system, the lack of operability in the specific system provisions, mainly as follows: first, The subject of the legal relationship of initial distribution is not clear, and the question of "who distributes, to whom" has not been unified. Secondly, the rules of distribution are not clear, and the problem of "how to distribute" has not been solved effectively. The lack of legislation makes it impossible to effectively distribute the initial emission rights in practice, and the allocation rules adopted by each pilot city are very different, which leads to the frequent chaos of the legal system in practice. Finally, The process of initial distribution is not guaranteed by a strong supervision mechanism, and the functions of government supervision and management are not clear. At the same time, the lack of information disclosure leads to the blocking of public supervision channels. In order to ensure the smooth operation of the legal system of the initial allocation of emission rights of atmospheric pollutants in China, this paper analyzes the relevant theories of emission rights. Enumerate the practice situation of our country pilot area, discover the deficiency of this legal system, draw lessons from the advanced theory and practice experience of the United States and European Union to put forward the idea of perfecting our country's initial distribution system. The details are as follows: first, To establish a sound legal system for the initial allocation of emission rights of atmospheric pollutants, to clarify the responsibility of the subject, to allocate the authority reasonably, to gradually expand the subject of distribution and to bring more industries into the scope of distribution, At the same time, more kinds of atmospheric pollutants are brought into the category of distribution objects. Second, flexible distribution rules are formulated. According to different conditions in different regions, specific problems can be analyzed and appropriate distribution rules can be selected. Pay attention to the role of the market in the allocation of resources, strengthen the ability of the government to supervise and manage, and in addition, form a complete supervision system through the way of ensuring public participation. The initial allocation of emission rights is the key link of the emission trading system. It is also an important way to improve the atmospheric environment. However, due to the limitations of the level of science and technology, coupled with the gap between the level of economic development, the ability of environmental governance, and the level of environmental law enforcement in various parts of the country, It still needs a process to carry out the initial allocation system of emission rights of atmospheric pollutants in the whole country. Therefore, only from the basic national conditions of our country, the experience and lessons of the pilot cities should be summarized, and the successful precedents of developed countries should be used for reference. Only then can establish the perfect air pollutant discharge right initial allocation system step by step.
【学位授予单位】：山西财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D922.68

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