气候难民的迁徙权研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 08:13

本文选题：气候难民 + 迁徙权　；参考：《武汉大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：由于全球气候变化导致的海平面上升或土地退化,几千万甚至上亿的人们已经或者将要被迫迁徙,在某些情况下,因为迁徙人群母国的全部领土都已不适宜居住,例如图瓦卢和马尔代夫或原住民部落,这些人们只能越境迁徙。日益增长的大量的“气候难民”不能取得传统难民的地位,现有的国际法律体系无法为他们的迁徙行为提供适当的保护。气候难民的迁徙权是一种特定主体的特殊权利,从权利属性上讲,属于基本人权,对气候难民迁徙权的保障,是享有生命权、健康权和人格尊严权等重要人权的基础。气候难民迁徙权保护的基本原则主要包括：早期和持续性应对原则,个人权利和集体权利相结合的原则,全球性措施的原则,共同但有区别的责任原则和辅助性原则。目前没有一个具体的国际公约和协议能够适用于气候难民的迁徙权保护,本文建议了一个新的国际保护机制,该保护机制分为法律保障和实施保障两部分内容,为解决这一问题提供相应的法律路径。气候难民迁徙权的法律保障,主要是指建立气候难民迁徙权保护的相关法律制度和国际法律体系,而实施保障主要是保障气候难民迁徙权的具体实施机构、实施方式、基金机制和司法救济等。本文除引言外共分为五章。第一章概述了全球气候变化和气候难民问题。首先,介绍了气候变化带来的不利影响和应对全球气候变化的国际法律体制及其不足之处,因为气候变化引起的海平面上升、暴风雨、飓风、洪水、土壤荒漠化等问题严重使得人们为其生存而被迫迁徙,实践中主要表现为低洼岛国的人口迁徙,沿海地区和河流三角洲一带的人口迁徙以及土地荒漠化和土地退化造成的农业地区人口迁徙,气候变化导致的人类迁徙应该是个大规模的现象,只是目前还难以确定迁徙人口的数量和迁徙范围,而且在未来仍有极大的不确定性,特别是一国或者一个地区的内部移民几乎没有记录。最后,“气候难民”术语的界定有其理论上的可能性,相对于“环境难民”来说,“气候难民”在形式上更有可能贴上“难民”的资格标签,也在一定程度上接近于国际法所认可和保护的“难民”内涵,可以看作是一种类型的“难民”。第二章论述了气候难民的涵义和对其权利的保护。出于本文的考虑,气候难民的涵义被严格的限定,该涵义要求以下五个要素同时满足,迁徙的个体或集体才可以被认定为气候难民：被迫迁徙；永久的迁徙和重新定居；越过国家边境的迁徙；与气候变化一致的突发性或缓慢的环境破坏；该环境破坏极有可能是人为导致的。本文对与气候难民有关的基础性人权进行了分析,这些权利包括生命权、健康权、食物和水的权利、工作权和迁徙自由,以及环境权和文化权利等。如上所述,气候难民带给国际法一个重大的挑战,他们的迁徙可能造成冲突的增长和对国际和平安全的影响。国际社会当前所面临的气候难民问题,在下个世纪很有可能造成几百万人口越过国界迁徙,现有的难民和气候变化机制在应对该问题上存在不足之处,因此有必要建立和发展一个更具有明确性和专门性的气候难民国际公约,以便填补现存的国际法空白。该国际公约应该被视作应对和解决气候难民迁徙问题的一部分,它将是减轻气候难民危机的关键性的一步。第三章主要论述了气候难民迁徙权的涵义、本质特征、法律性质、法律价值和权利内容。这是一种与《公民权利与政治权利国际公约》中所规定的迁徙自由权不同的专属于本文所界定的气候难民这一特定主体的特殊权利,气候难民迁徙权具有基础性、不可克减性、固有性的法律性质,其主体可以分为个人主体和集体主体。参照传统难民的国际保护规定,气候难民的迁徙权在实践中主要集中在气候难民的出入境保护方面,并应适用不推回原则,此外,出于维护国家安全和公共秩序的考虑,气候难民行使迁徙权也应受到必要的限制。第四章主要探讨了气候难民迁徙权保护的基本原则。本文认为,气候难民迁徙权保护的基本原则主要包括：早期和持续性应对原则,个人权利和集体权利相结合的原则,全球性措施的原则,共同但有区别的责任原则和辅助性原则,这些基本原则分别指导了气候难民迁徙权保护的不同方面。第五章主要论述了气候难民迁徙权的国际法律保护机制。当前国际法律体系并没有对本文所界定的气候难民群体实施特定的保护,无论是难民、无国籍人,还是移民和普遍人权保护方面的各类国际法律工具都存在着不足之处。因此,这可以称作是一个较深的法律空白领域问题。本文将建议一个新的保护机制,该保护机制分为法律保障和实施保障两部分内容,法律保障包括建立健全有关保护气候难民迁徙权的法律制度和国际法律体系,而实施保障主要是保护气候难民迁徙权的具体实施机构、实施方式、基金机制和司法救济。
[Abstract]:Tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of people have been or will be forced to migrate because of the rising sea level or land degradation caused by global climate change. In some cases, the entire territory of the migrant mother country is inhabitable, such as Tuvalu and Maldives or aboriginal tribes, and these people can only move across the border. A large number of "climate refugees" can not obtain the status of traditional refugees. The existing international legal system can not provide appropriate protection for their migration. The migration right of climate refugees is a special right of a particular subject. From the right attribute, it belongs to the basic human rights, and the protection of the right to migrate to the climate refugees is the right to life, The basic principles for the protection of the right to health and the right to dignity include the principles of early and continuous response, the principle of combination of individual rights and collective rights, the principles of global measures, common but differentiated responsibilities and auxiliary principles. There is no specific international public at present. The agreement and agreement can be applied to the protection of the migration rights of refugees in the climate. This paper proposes a new international protection mechanism, which is divided into two parts, legal guarantee and implementation guarantee, and provides the corresponding legal path to solve this problem. The legal guarantee of the right to migration of climate refugees mainly refers to the establishment of the protection of the right to migration of climate refugees. The relevant legal system and international legal system, and the implementation of the guarantee is mainly to safeguard the climate refugee migration of specific implementation institutions, implementation methods, fund mechanism and judicial relief.
In addition to the introduction, this article is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter outlines the global climate change and the climate refugee problem. First, it introduces the adverse effects of climate change and the international legal system to cope with global climate change, as well as its shortcomings, because the rise in sea level, storms, hurricanes, floods, and soil desertification caused by climate change seriously make people live for them. The forced migration is mainly manifested in the migration of the low lying island countries, the migration of the population in the coastal areas and the River Delta, the migration of the agricultural areas caused by the desertification and the land degradation, the migration of human beings caused by the climate change should be a large-scale phenomenon, but it is still difficult to determine the number of migratory people at present. There is still great uncertainty in the future, and there is still great uncertainty in the future, especially in one country or one region. Finally, the definition of the term "climate refugees" is theoretically possible, and "climate refugees" are more likely to be eligible for "refugee" qualifications than "environmental refugees". The label, to a certain extent, is close to the connotation of "refugees" recognized and protected by international law, and can be regarded as a type of "refugee".
The second chapter discusses the meaning of the climate refugees and the protection of their rights. For this reason, the meaning of the climate refugees is strictly limited, which requires the following five elements to be met simultaneously. The individual or collective of the migration can be identified as a climate Refugee: forced migration; permanent migration and resettlement; across the border of the country. Migration; sudden or slow environmental destruction consistent with climate change; the environmental damage is highly likely to be man-made. This article analyses basic human rights related to the climate refugees, including the right to life, the right to health, the right to food and water, the right to work and the freedom of migration, and environmental and cultural rights. As mentioned above, the climate refugees bring a major challenge to international law. Their migration may result in the growth of conflict and the impact on international peace and security. The current climate refugee problem facing the international community is likely to cause millions of people to migrate across the country in the next century, and the existing mechanisms for refugees and climate change are in the world. In response to the shortcomings of the problem, it is necessary to establish and develop a more clear and specialized international convention on climate refugees in order to fill the gaps in existing international law. The international convention should be seen as part of the problem of addressing and resolving the migration of climate refugees, which will be the key to mitigating the climate refugee crisis. A step.
The third chapter mainly discusses the meaning, nature, legal nature, legal value and right content of the right to migration of climate refugees. This is a special right which is different from the right of freedom of migration as defined in the International Convention on Civil and political rights, which is defined by this article, and the right of climate refugees to migrate. The legal nature of basic, unsubtractive and inherent nature can be divided into individual subjects and collective bodies. According to the international protection provisions of traditional refugees, the migration rights of climate refugees are mainly concentrated in the protection of the entry and exit of climate refugees in practice, and should be applied to the principle of non return, in addition, in order to safeguard national security and public security. In the consideration of the order, climate refugees should also be subject to the necessary restrictions on the exercise of their right of migration.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses the basic principles of the protection of the right to migration of climate refugees. This article holds that the basic principles of the protection of the right to migration of refugees in the climate include the principles of early and sustained response, the combination of individual rights and collective rights, the principles of global measures, common but differentiated responsibilities and auxiliary principles, The basic principles respectively guide different aspects of the protection of refugee migration rights.
The fifth chapter mainly discusses the international legal protection mechanism of the right to migration of climate refugees. The current international legal system does not carry out specific protection to the climate refugee groups defined in this article, whether it is refugees, stateless persons, or all kinds of international legal instruments for the protection of migrants and universal human rights. It can be called a deeper legal blank field. This article will suggest a new protection mechanism, which is divided into two parts: legal guarantee and implementation guarantee. The legal guarantee includes the establishment and improvement of the legal system and international law system on the protection of the refugee migration rights of the climate, and the implementation guarantee is mainly to protect the climate. The specific implementation mechanism, implementation mode, fund mechanism and judicial remedy of the right of migration.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.68

【参考文献】