南非环境公益诉讼研究

发布时间：2018-05-10 13:22

本文选题：南非 + 环境公益诉讼　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：南非是“金砖国家”成员国之一,经济、社会都在迅速地发展。在发展过程中,不可避免的面临着经济发展与环境保护之间的矛盾。环境公益诉讼作为保护环境公共利益的有效措施,在南非逐渐得到确立发展。南非是混合法系国家,1宪法、普通法、制定法都是南非的法律渊源。南非环境公益诉讼在普通法、宪法和制定法上有不同的规则或规定。本文将以现行《南非宪法》2颁布为界,分别论述环境公益诉讼原告资格在普通法中的确定规则以及宪法和制定法上与环境公益诉讼有关的规定。并结合案例对南非环境公益诉讼在实践中的问题进行概括和评析。以便对南非的环境公益诉讼有整体全面的了解。普通法上,对公益诉讼最大的阻碍就是“直接利害关系”(direct interest)原则对原告资格确定的限制。南非普通法上的原告资格确定规则是一直在变动的。在私益诉讼中严格遵守“直接利害关系”原则,在涉及公益的诉讼中有可能会放宽限制。南非普通法上并没有形成系统明确的环境公益诉讼原告资格确定规则,限制了环境公益诉讼在普通法上的发展。民主改革之前颁布的《南非环境保护法》3规定了涉及环境影响评价方面的内容,规定了环境决策过程中的公众参与机制。对公众参与权利的保障对环境公益诉讼的发展有重要意义。民主改革后颁布的《南非宪法》明确规定了环境权,以及对环境权的救济机制。对南非环境公益诉讼的发展确立奠定了基础。基于宪法“通过立法保护环境权”的规定,南非制定了相对完善的环境法律体系。其中《南非国家环境管理法》4明确规定了公众的环境公益诉讼权利,确定了非常宽松的环境公益诉讼原告资格标准。同时《南非国家环境管理法》对环境决策中公众的知情权作了更明确的规定,还规定了有利于环境公益诉讼发展的诉讼费用负担机制。《南非国家环境管理法》的这些相关规定完全的在制定法上确立了环境公益诉讼制度。实践中的南非环境公益诉讼,司法机关的判决较少从环境权保护角度来展开论述。因为“环境权与其他权利紧密相关,这种相关性不仅使环境权与其他权利,相互促进,也在很大程度上造成了环境权与其他权利的频繁冲突”1权利冲突时要达到平衡保护的目的对司法机关而言是非常艰难的,所以在很多涉及环境公益的案件中,法院并未就环境权和其他权利的冲突展开论述。南非著名的环境公益诉讼案例,以行政机关为被告的居多。其中经常会涉及到行政机关内部救济和司法救济的适用关系问题;涉及通过对环境决策中公众参与权利的保障实现程序正义,进而保护环境公益的问题;涉及公益和私益冲突时的价值衡量问题。法院对这些问题的解决形成了普通法上新的环境公益诉讼原则。南非的环境公益诉讼在逐步发展完善,促进环境公平正义的实现。
[Abstract]:South Africa is a member of the BRICS. Its economy and society are developing rapidly. In the process of development, it is inevitable to face the contradiction between economic development and environmental protection. As an effective measure to protect environmental public interest, environmental public interest litigation has been gradually established and developed in South Africa. South Africa is a country with mixed legal system. The common law and statute law are the source of South African law. South African Environmental Public interest Litigation has different rules or regulations in common law, constitution and statute. This paper, based on the promulgation of the current South African Constitution, will discuss the rules for determining the plaintiff's qualification in the common law and the provisions of the Constitution and the statutory law relating to the environmental public interest litigation. And combined with the case of environmental public interest litigation in South Africa in practice to summarize and evaluate the problems. In order to South Africa's environmental public interest litigation has a comprehensive understanding. In common law, the greatest obstacle to public interest litigation is the limitation of the plaintiff's qualification determined by the "direct interest" principle. The rules governing the qualification of plaintiffs in common law in South Africa have been changing. The principle of "direct interest" is strictly observed in private interest litigation, and the restrictions may be relaxed in public interest litigation. South African common law does not form a systematic and clear rules for determining the plaintiff's qualification in environmental public interest litigation, which limits the development of environmental public interest litigation in common law. The Environmental Protection Act of South Africa, promulgated before the democratic reform, regulates the contents of environmental impact assessment and the mechanism of public participation in the process of environmental decision-making. The protection of the right of public participation is of great significance to the development of environmental public interest litigation. The Constitution of South Africa promulgated after the democratic reform clearly stipulates the environmental right and the relief mechanism to the environmental right. It lays a foundation for the development of environmental public interest litigation in South Africa. Based on the provisions of the Constitution to protect the right to the environment through legislation, South Africa has developed a relatively perfect environmental legal system. The South African National Environmental Management Act 4 clearly stipulates the public's right to environmental public interest litigation, and determines a very loose qualification standard for environmental public interest litigation plaintiffs. At the same time, the National Environmental Management Act of South Africa provides more explicit provisions on the public's right to know in environmental decision-making. It also provides for the burden mechanism of litigation costs which is beneficial to the development of environmental public interest litigation. These relevant provisions of the South African National Environmental Management Act completely establish the environmental public interest litigation system in the formulation law. In the practice of environmental public interest litigation in South Africa, the judgment of judicial organs is seldom discussed from the angle of environmental right protection. Because "environmental rights are closely related to other rights, which not only make environmental rights and other rights mutually reinforcing, To a large extent, it also causes frequent conflicts between environmental rights and other rights. "1. It is very difficult for the judiciary to achieve the goal of balanced protection when there is a conflict of rights. Therefore, in many cases involving the environmental public good, The court did not discuss the conflict between environmental and other rights. South Africa's famous environmental public interest litigation cases, the administrative organs as the defendant is the majority. It often involves the application of internal relief and judicial relief in administrative organs, the realization of procedural justice through the guarantee of public participation rights in environmental decision-making, and the protection of environmental public welfare. It involves the value measurement of the conflict between public and private interests. The court's resolution of these problems has formed a new common law principle of environmental public interest litigation. South Africa's environmental public interest litigation is gradually developing and perfecting to promote the realization of environmental equity and justice.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D943;DD912.6

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