野生动物保护若干理论问题研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 08:09

本文选题：动物权利 + 动物解放　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：野生动物保护在人文社会科学领域遇到的第一个问题是为什么要保护野生动物?我们可以说这样做是为了人类的利益需要,也可以说这样做是为了野生动物自身的利益需要,不同的回答表明了我们不同的哲学立场,并由此导致我们制定完全不同的公共政策和法律。事实上,当我们尝试对这一问题进行回答时,我们就是在比较和分析哪一种伦理观具有道德正当性。人类的行为并不是纯粹生物学意义上的行为,人类是具有社会性的有机生命体,我们的行为无时无刻不显示出我们对是非善恶的判断。我们不但生活在一个物质世界,同样也生活在一个充满了道德约束的世界里。野生动物保护当然与环境保护有很大关系,但笔者认为,这一理解可能会抹煞问题的实质,即野生动物保护从本质上看是一个伦理问题,不必也不该与某种好处或某种更大的“善”联系起来,否则我们将陷入功利主义的泥潭里无法自拔。我们需要从伦理的角度重新思考答案,并在此基础上进一步考虑与野生动物保护相关的一些重要问题。如果地球上并无人类,自然也谈不上野生动物保护,因为无论是大自然也好,还是各种形式的非人类存在物,均不是道德主体,不能承担道德责任,大自然的一切不能用是非善恶来评价。然而,人类的存在导致人类与非人类生命体之间产生了伦理关系。所谓野生动物保护并不是要求人类积极地去帮助野生动物生存和发展,而是通过规范自己的行为,使得野生动物能够“自然地”依据其本性在自然环境中生存和消亡。一方面,这要求我们应当从伦理的角度重新定位与野生动物之间的关系,放弃那些违背伦理的行为；另一方面,人类的生存总是要与野生动物的生存发生冲突,这突出表现为两个问题：第一,发达国家倾向于实行严格的自然保护制度,而不发达国家的穷人和土著民族则要求利用当地的自然资源谋生；第二,民族国家对现代性的追求往往以牺牲土著民族的环境权益为代价,环境保护法律制度为经济增长服务,忽视了对环境人权的关注。如何解决围绕着野生动物保护所产生的一系列矛盾,依然需要我们在人类与非人类生命体(野生动物)之间的伦理关系上做出基本判断。笔者认为,当代资本主义生产方式信奉的那种增长至上的意识形态,完全扭曲了人类与野生动物之间的伦理关系,无论是野生动物还是人类,都处于一个层层压迫与剥削的等级制体系当中,因此,野生动物保护必须与人权保护连接起来,才能找出野生动物保护步履维艰的原因并进一步解决问题。鉴于野生动物保护涉及多个领域的复杂问题,本文只选取若干重要领域对其进行分析。本文第一章阐述了人类所持有的对与非人世界关系的思想根源及其演变,指出在野生动物保护问题上首先应当摒弃人类中心主义转向非人类中心主义。其次,非人类中心主义在野生动物保护问题上又有个体主义和整体主义两种不同的进路,笔者对此做了详细分析,指出我们必须在野生动物保护问题上采取整体主义立场,但这一立场只是一个初始立场,鉴于问题的复杂性,不能僵化地将这一原则推行到所有情形中。简言之,保护物种是整体主义基本原则,但同时我们要在一些情况下侧重对个体的保护。本文第二章分析了现代野生动物保护法的现状,指出野生动物在法律上被当作财产或者物,是一种“主客观二分法”思维的产物。这种法学思维方式应当予以变革。笔者分析了法学方法论的演变以及后现代法学对传统法学理论的冲击,同时初步阐述了法律主体资格的演变过程,指出野生动物应当被赋予法律上的准人格资格。本文第三章指出,对于物种的保护很大程度上就是对其栖息地的保护。笔者以荒野观念的变迁出发,指出一方面应当尊重大自然的内在价值,另一方面也认为不应忽视社区居民的利益。笔者以中国的自然保护区为例,分析了其在分类管理制度、资金机制、土地权属等方面存在的问题,提出了人地关系冲突中野生动物致害问题的解决方法。本文第四章将生物多样性保护与土著民族的环境权益保护联系起来,指出人对大自然的压迫与剥削和人对人的压迫与剥削在本质上是一个问题的两个方面。民族国家对现代性的追求,是以对土著民族环境权的侵犯为代价的,笔者详细分析了一些具体案例指出,追求现代性的国家是侵犯环境权的主要原因,而法律的结构性限制使得土著民族的环境权难以得到有效保护。土著民族的社会结构及其文化多样性与其生活的自然环境密切相关,保护他们的环境权就是保护生物多样性。最后,笔者针对中国狩猎民族在当代的遭遇做出了初步分析,笔者认为该问题异常复杂,很难有一个简单的普遍适用的解决方法,但总的来看,生存性狩猎权作为小民族的人权应当得到法律的肯定。本文第五章从野生动物保护管理权力的角度入手,分析了政府环境公共权力的合法性及其局限性,指出野生动物保护作为地区性的环境问题应当侧重社区居民的自我治理。本文结语部分展望了野生动物保护未来的发展趋势,笔者认为野生动物保护运动必须与人权斗争相结合,直指人类社会等级制,通过变革政治和经济制度来实现人和野生动物的双重解放。
[Abstract]:The first problem encountered in the field of wildlife protection in the field of humanities and social science is why wildlife is to be protected ? We can say that this is for the sake of human interests . We can say that this is a moral justification for the interests of wildlife . In fact , when we try to answer this question , we are comparing and analyzing the moral legitimacy . In fact , when we try to answer this question , we will not only live in a material world but also live in a world full of moral constraints . We need to rethink the answer from an ethical point of view , and we need to consider some important issues related to wildlife protection .

The existence of wild animals is not a requirement for human being to actively contribute to the survival and development of wild animals . However , human existence leads to the existence and extinction of wild animals in the natural environment according to their nature . On the one hand , this requires that we re - position the relationship between wild animals and wildlife from the ethical point of view , and abandon those acts which are contrary to ethics ;
On the other hand , the survival of human beings is always in conflict with the survival of wild animals , which is manifested as two problems : first , developed countries tend to impose strict natural protection systems , while the poor and indigenous peoples of the developed countries require the use of local natural resources to earn a living ;
Second , the pursuit of modernity is often at the expense of the environmental rights and interests of the indigenous peoples , the legal system of environmental protection is the service of economic growth , which ignores the concern about the human rights of the environment .

In view of the complex problems involved in the field of wildlife protection , this paper only selects a number of important areas to analyze it .

In the first chapter , the author expounds the thought and evolution of the relationship between human beings and the non - human world , and points out that , on the issue of wildlife protection , we should abandon the human centralism to the non - human centralism . Secondly , it is only an initial position on the issue of wildlife protection , but this position is only an initial position . In short , the protection of species is the basic principle of the whole doctrine , but we should focus on the protection of the individual in some cases .

The second chapter analyzes the current situation of modern wildlife protection law , points out that wildlife is regarded as property or object in law , and is a product of " subjective and objective dichotomy " thinking . This method of thinking should be reformed . The author analyses the evolution of legal methodology and the impact of post - modern jurisprudence on traditional legal theory . At the same time , the evolution process of the qualification of legal subject is elaborated , and it is pointed out that wild animals should be given legal quasi - personality qualifications .

In the third chapter , the author points out that the protection of species is the protection of the habitat . The author points out that , on the one hand , the intrinsic value of nature should be respected . On the other hand , the author points out that it should not neglect the interests of community residents .

The fourth chapter of this paper links the protection of biological diversity to the protection of the environment rights and interests of indigenous peoples . It points out that the oppression and exploitation of nature and the oppression and exploitation of human beings are essentially a problem .

The fifth chapter analyzes the legality and limitation of public power in government environment from the perspective of wildlife protection management power , and points out that wildlife protection should focus on the self - governance of community residents as regional environmental problems .

The conclusion of this paper looks forward to the development trend of wildlife protection in the future . The author thinks that the movement of wildlife protection must be combined with human rights struggle , pointing directly to the hierarchy of human society , and realizing the double liberation of human and wildlife by changing political and economic system .
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.68

【参考文献】