区域污染转移的法律规制

发布时间：2018-07-14 21:45

【摘要】：环境问题是伴随着社会经济的发展而产生的,环境污染转移亦是如此。地理位置、自然资源、人口、历史等不同的因素导致经济的发展具有不平衡性,这使得一部分地区优先发展起来,在中国体现为城市较农村、东部沿海地区较西部内陆地区优先发展起来,这就形成了经济发达地区和经济欠发达地区的划分。在经济发达地区,随着经济水平的不断提高,人们对环境的要求不断提高,随之而产生的是居民环境保护意识的逐步加强、环境立法和执法水平的上升。这使得经济活动的环境成本提高,在利益的驱使下经济主体不得不重新寻找具有较低环境成本的地方。经济欠发达的地方的状况却恰恰相反,在较低的经济水平条件下,环境让位于生存,环境成为经济活动的牺牲品。在这一供一需条件下,环境污染转移便应运而生。对于环境污染转移的研究不少学者在上个世纪就进行了研究。基于环境污染转移问题本身的复杂性、学者研究的角度、视角以及认识水平的不同,学者们对环境污染转移的含义的理解也是“仁者见仁,智者见智”。本文认为环境污染转移是指,环境主体一方有意的通过一定的方式侵犯另一方环境权利,没有合法根据的课以对方以环境义务并将本来属于本身的环境责任转移为另一方的行为。其中的“区域”不是国际上的某个具体的区域,也不是国内行政上所划分的以具体的省为单位的区域,而是指在国内以经济发展水平为标准所划分的经济发达地区和经济落后地区。区域污染转移是有一定构成要件的：主体方面需要是两个或两个以上的主体,且“这种主体可以是具体的,也可以是抽象的”；主观方面需要转移方是恶意的；客观方面要求污染转移行为本身是可以人为控制的,并不以污染损害的产生为要件。任何事情的发生都是有一定原因的,区域污染转移也不例外。地区之间经济发展水平的不同是区域污染转移产生的经济原因；由于经济水平的不同,建立在经济基础之上的上层建筑——法律也会出现很大的差异,这是造成区域污染转移的法律层面的原因；传统环境保护意识的缺失,以经济建设为中心的发展思路,是造成环境污染、区域污染转移的其他社会原因。区域污染转移对生态环境和社会生活都造成了恶劣的负面影响。此外,区域污染转移还与环境权理论、可持续发展理论、环境公平理论等相违背。因而对区域污染转移进行相应的法律规制是十分必要的,也是十分迫切的。本文从制度建设和法律法规操作两方面进行考虑,提供建议,以期能够更加完善我国的区域环境污染防治体系。
[Abstract]:Environmental problems come into being along with the development of social economy, and so is the transfer of environmental pollution. Different factors, such as geographical location, natural resources, population, history and so on, have led to uneven economic development, which has given priority to the development of some areas, which is reflected in the fact that cities are more rural than rural areas in China. The eastern coastal areas are more developed than the western inland areas, which forms the division between the economically developed areas and the economically underdeveloped areas. In the economically developed areas, with the continuous improvement of the economic level, people's requirements for the environment are constantly raised, followed by the gradual strengthening of the residents' environmental protection consciousness, and the rising level of environmental legislation and law enforcement. This makes the environmental cost of economic activities higher, driven by the interests of economic agents have to look for lower environmental costs. However, the situation in underdeveloped places is quite the opposite. Under the condition of lower economic level, the environment gives way to survival and becomes the victim of economic activities. Under this condition of supply and demand, the transfer of environmental pollution arises at the historic moment. Many scholars have studied the transfer of environmental pollution in the last century. Based on the complexity of the problem of environmental pollution transfer and the difference of the angle of view, angle of view and the level of cognition of the scholars, the understanding of the meaning of the transfer of environmental pollution is also "different from different people, different from wisdom". This paper holds that the transfer of environmental pollution means that one side of the environmental subject intentionally violates the environmental rights of the other party in a certain way. No legal basis for the other party's environmental obligations and the transfer of their own environmental responsibility as the other party's conduct. The "area" is not a specific international region, nor is it an administrative division of the country in terms of specific provinces, It refers to the economically developed areas and the economically backward areas which are divided by the level of economic development in China. The transfer of regional pollution has certain elements: the subject needs two or more subjects, and "this subject can be concrete or abstract", the subjective need to transfer the party is malicious; The objective aspect requires that the pollution transfer behavior itself can be controlled artificially, and not the pollution damage. Everything happens for a certain reason, regional pollution transfer is no exception. The difference of economic development level among regions is the economic reason of regional pollution transfer. Because of the different economic level, the superstructure-law which is based on the economic base will also appear very different. This is the legal reason of regional pollution transfer, and the lack of traditional environmental protection consciousness and the development thinking centered on economic construction are the other social reasons that cause environmental pollution and regional pollution transfer. Regional pollution transfer has caused adverse effects on ecological environment and social life. In addition, regional pollution transfer violates the theory of environmental rights, sustainable development and environmental equity. Therefore, it is necessary and urgent to regulate the regional pollution transfer. In this paper, the system construction and the operation of laws and regulations are considered, and suggestions are provided in order to improve the regional environmental pollution prevention and control system in China.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68

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