环境污染损害赔偿立法研究

发布时间：2018-07-28 19:20

【摘要】： 我国的环境污染问题日益严重,由此引发的环境污染损害赔偿纠纷也与日俱增,但由于我国环境污染损害赔偿立法还不健全,导致纠纷不能得到及时合理地解决,影响公民合法权益维护,也影响了社会安定。建立和谐社会的要求迫使我们必须完善环境污染损害赔偿立法。环境污染损害赔偿立法有其坚实的理论基础和现实基础。新的环境权理论突破了传统民法、民事诉讼法的束缚,为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了法理基础;整体主义的环境伦理价值观为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了环境伦理学基础;社会冲突理论、社会控制理论为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了法社会学基础;成本与收益理论为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了法经济学基础。我国公民、法人的经济实力的增强,我国的综合国力的提高为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了经济基础;建立人与人、人与自然和谐相处的社会的要求为环境污染损害赔偿立法提供了政治基础。环境污染损害赔偿的立法应以可持续发展和建立和谐社会为依归,其目的是为了及时、正确地解决环境民事纠纷,保护、改善环境、维护生态平衡,保护人民群众的人身权、财产权、环境权益,促进环境、经济、社会的和谐与可持续发展。国外越来越多的国家开始就环境污染损害赔偿问题进行专门立法,其典型代表为瑞典的《环境损害赔偿法》,德国的《环境责任法》和美国的《综合环境反应、赔偿和责任法》,日本的《公害纠纷处理法》。我国在环境损害赔偿立法方面起步晚,但环境纠纷的高发与处理的困难使得我国必须把制定一部专门的环境污染损害赔偿法列入国家法制建设的议事日程。在环境损害赔偿立法的内容方面,应当解决环境围绕损害赔偿的归责原则、因果关系认定的方式、诉讼时效、承担责任的方式等关键性问题。在归责原则方面,我国应采用单一的无过错责任原则。在确定排污与环境污染损害之间的因果关系方面,应采用相当因果关系理论,将因果关系分为责任成立的因果关系和责任范围的因果关系,仅对责任成立的因果关系适用因果关系推定,同时可以根据不同情况,采用间接反证法、事实自证法、疫学因果关系法认定因果关系。对于明知自己的排污行为可能导致环境污染并造成他人的财产和人身损害的结果,仍实施该行为的污染者,或者对于其排污行为能够造成环境污染损害后果的高度危险性具有主观上的认知,仍然放任自己的行为的污染者适用惩罚性赔偿。环境污染损害赔偿的普通诉讼时效为3年,应当自权利人能够行使请求权时起计算,而不是自权利人知道或者应当知道时起算,最长诉讼时效为30年,自侵权行为实施时或者引起损害的事件发生时起算,而不是自权利人的权利受侵害时起算。为了确保环境损害赔偿能够实现,在环境损害赔偿法中应当规定赔偿社会化的途径和方法,主要包括环境责任保险和环境赔偿责任基金。责任基金有两种,一种是由排污者提供资金并由其为主体组成的民间基金,一种是由政府以征收环境费(包括排污费、自然资源补偿费等)、环境税等特别的费税作为筹资方式而设立的损害(行政)补偿基金。两种基金的适用的有顺序是:如果符合适用民间基金的条件,首先适用民间基金,只有在不符合适用民间基金的条件的情况下,才适用行政补偿基金。对于不能获得基金条件的受害人,应由国家用财政承担最终的补偿责任。为了有利于环境损害赔偿立法的实施,应当建立环境公益诉讼制度,规定公民、社会团体、检察机关、行政机关等可以作为原告为保护环境公共利益提起诉讼。为了有利于环境诉讼和环境污染损害赔偿,应当设置独立的环境纠纷处理的专门机构,加强行政裁决的作用,赋予行政裁决以强制执行力。环境污染损害赔偿法应当是环境保护法的下位法,是一部集实体法和程序法于一体的单行法。其主要内容框架应包括环境污染损害赔偿的范围、赔偿责任的条件、赔偿责任与其他民事责任方式、行政罚款、刑事罚金的关系、诉讼时效等实体性问题,同时还规定因果关系推定、举证责任倒置、公益诉讼、行政处理等程序性问题。
[Abstract]:The environmental pollution problems in our country are becoming more and more serious, and the compensation disputes of environmental pollution damage are increasing. However, because the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage in China is not perfect, the disputes can not be solved in a timely and reasonable way, the protection of the legitimate rights and interests of the citizens and the stability of the society are also affected. We must improve the legislation for compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage has its solid theoretical basis and realistic basis. The new theory of environmental rights breaks through the traditional civil law and the bondage of civil procedure law. It provides a legal basis for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation legislation; the entirety environmental ethics values provide the basis of environmental ethics for the legislation of environmental pollution damage compensation. The theory of social control provides the basis of legal sociology for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage, and the theory of cost and income provides the basis of law and economics for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage. The enhancement of the economic strength of our citizens and legal persons and the improvement of the comprehensive national strength of our country provide the economy for the legislation of the compensation for environmental pollution damage. Foundation; the requirement of establishing a harmonious society between man and man and man and nature provides a political basis for the legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage.
The legislation of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be based on the sustainable development and the establishment of a harmonious society. The aim is to solve civil disputes in the environment, protect, improve the environment, protect the ecological balance, protect the people's personal rights, property rights and environmental rights and promote the harmonious and sustainable development of environment, economy and society.
More and more countries have begun to make special legislation on the compensation for environmental pollution damage in more and more countries. The typical representative is Sweden's environmental damage compensation law, the environmental liability law of Germany and the United States' comprehensive environmental response, compensation and liability law, and the law of dealing with public hazards in Japan, but China started late in the legislation of environmental damage compensation. The high incidence of environmental disputes and difficulties in handling our country must make a special law on compensation for environmental pollution damage to be included in the agenda of national legal system construction.
In the content of environmental damage compensation legislation, we should solve the key problems of the environment surrounding the liability principle of damage compensation, the way of determining the causation, the limitation of action, the way of taking responsibility, etc. in the principle of imputation, we should adopt a single principle of no fault liability in determining the causation between pollution pollution and environmental pollution damage. On the other hand, the theory of causality should be adopted to divide causality into causality and causal relationship between responsibility and responsibility. It is applicable only to causal relationship between causality and causality established by responsibility. At the same time, indirect anti evidence, factual self proof, and epidemic causality can be used to identify causality according to different circumstances. Knowing that the conduct of a pollutant discharge may lead to environmental pollution and the result of the property and personal damage of others, the polluters who still carry out the act, or have a subjective perception of the high risk of causing pollution damage to the environment, and still apply punitive damages to the polluters of their own behavior. The limitation of general litigation for compensation for damage to environmental pollution shall be 3 years. It should be calculated from the time when the right holder can exercise the claim, rather than when the right holder knows or should know it, and the maximum limitation of action is 30 years, from the time of enforcement of the tort or the occurrence of an event that caused the damage, not from the infringement of the rights of the right person.
In order to ensure that the compensation for environmental damage can be realized, the ways and methods for the socialization of compensation should be stipulated in the environmental damage compensation law, mainly including the environmental liability insurance and the environmental compensation liability fund. There are two kinds of liability funds, one is the private fund which is provided by the polluters and consists of their main body, one is the government by the levy ring. The application of the two funds is in the order that the civil fund is first applied if it is in conformity with the conditions applicable to the civil fund, only if it does not meet the conditions applicable to the civil fund. The administrative compensation fund shall be applied to the victims who are unable to obtain the fund conditions, and the State shall bear the final compensation liability with the finance.
In order to facilitate the implementation of the legislation for compensation for environmental damage, an environmental public interest litigation system should be established, which stipulates that citizens, social organizations, procuratorial organs, and administrative organs may act as plaintiffs to protect the public interests of the environment. In order to benefit environmental litigation and environmental pollution damage compensation, an independent environmental dispute treatment should be set up. The door organization strengthens the function of administrative adjudication and endows administrative adjudication with enforcement power.
The law of compensation for environmental pollution damage should be the lower law of environmental protection law and a single line method which integrates substantive law and procedural law. Its main content framework should include the scope of compensation for environmental pollution damage, the conditions of compensation liability, the relationship between the liability and other civil liability, the relationship between the administrative fine, the criminal fine, the limitation of action and so on. At the same time, it also stipulates procedural problems such as presumption of causation, inversion of burden of proof, public interest litigation and administrative handling.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.68

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