我国企业环境侵权社会化救济的思考
发布时间：2018-08-11 13:34
【摘要】：20世纪以来,随着科学技术和经济的快速发展,工业化和城镇化的规模不断扩大,环境污染和生态破坏问题已经成为各国严重的社会经济问题,已成为国际社会的焦点问题。随之而来的是对环境侵权受害人的救济问题。无救济无权利,这需要法律对受害人提供救济,并且预防、减少环境侵害的发生。在法律制度中,救济制度体现了法律的公平正义,因此,只有完善的救济制度才有权利得到实现的可能,环境侵权救济亦是如此。各国学者从不同学科的角度对解决环境侵害问题作出研究,法学领域主要从保护公民的权益立场对环境救济制度进行研究,重点放在环境侵权赔偿责任的归责原则及因果关系认定等方面。本文运用实证分析、比较分析的方法,通过对环境侵权、环境侵权责任社会化的救济、我国台湾地区和国外的环境侵权救济制度的立法与实践分析、建立我国企业环境侵权责任社会化救济制度等对环境侵权社会化救济制度进行了系统的论述和分析。 除去引言和结语,本文分为四个部分。 第一部分主要介绍环境和环境问题的产生,环境权作为公民环境权益的基础,是一种新型的、独立的人权,并对环境侵权的内涵进行了分析阐述。 第二部分对法律救济、环境侵权社会化救济的涵义进行分析,同时分析了环境侵权社会化救济的理论基础。认为其理论基础包含企业环境责任、公平正义理论以及外部不经济论。在对比我国环境侵权法律救济制度现状,分析现阶段环境侵权救济存在的问题,这些问题主要包括立法中未确立环境问题预防为主的原则、排污收费不合理、生产者责任延伸问题、救济措施不充分、归责原则无法包含所有的环境侵权案件、举证责任问题和因果关系推定问题、社会公众参与问题,进而提出引进我国企业环境侵权社会化救济的必要性。 第三部分比较了我国台湾地区、德国、日本、美国等国家的环境侵权社会化救济制度的立法与实践经验,分析各自的救济特点,以此作为我国环境侵权社会化救济的借鉴。本部分重点介绍了台湾地区和日本的部分妨害理论,日本的忍受限度论、因果关系推定制度和公共补偿制度,德国的损害赔偿制度、受害人的咨询请求权以及环境侵权的归责原则和因果关系制度,美国对环境侵权的归责原则是严格责任,并施行了超级基金制度以及环境责任保险制度。 第四部分建议完善我国的环境侵权责任社会化救济首先需要完善其背景制度,该部分从立法、政府、企业以及公众社会参与方面提出建议。然后具体介绍我国企业环境侵权社会化救济的三种实现方式:环境责任保险制度、行政补偿制度以及财务保证或担保制度。以此达到对我国环境侵权受害人的充分、及时、有效的救济,并减少、分散企业因承担环境侵权责任赔偿的风险,促进经济发展和维护社会稳定的目的。
[Abstract]:Since the 20th century, with the rapid development of science and technology and economy, the scale of industrialization and urbanization has been expanding. The problems of environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become serious social and economic problems in various countries and have become the focus of the international community. Followed by the problem of relief to the victims of environmental infringement. There is no right to relief, which requires the law to provide relief to the victims, and to prevent and reduce the occurrence of environmental violations. In the legal system, the relief system embodies the fairness and justice of the law. Therefore, only the perfect relief system has the possibility of realizing the right, and so is the relief of environmental tort. Scholars of various countries have made research on solving the problem of environmental infringement from the angle of different disciplines, and the legal field has mainly studied the environmental relief system from the standpoint of protecting the rights and interests of citizens. The emphasis is placed on the liability principle and causality of environmental tort liability. This article uses the empirical analysis, the comparative analysis method, through to the environment infringement, the environmental tort liability socialization relief, our country Taiwan area and the foreign environment tort relief system legislation and the practice analysis, This paper systematically discusses and analyzes the socialized relief system of environmental tort liability in our country. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into four parts. The first part mainly introduces the emergence of environment and environmental problems. As the basis of citizens' environmental rights and interests, environmental right is a new and independent human rights, and the connotation of environmental tort is analyzed and expounded. The second part analyzes the meaning of legal remedy and social relief of environmental tort, and analyzes the theoretical basis of socialized relief of environmental tort at the same time. The theoretical basis includes corporate environmental responsibility, fairness and justice theory and external uneconomic theory. By comparing the current situation of the legal relief system of environmental tort in our country, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the relief of environmental tort at the present stage. These problems mainly include that the principle of prevention of environmental problems is not established in the legislation, and the charge of sewage discharge is unreasonable. The extension of producer responsibility, the inadequate relief measures, the imputation principle cannot include all cases of environmental tort, the burden of proof and the presumption of causality, the problem of public participation, Furthermore, the necessity of introducing socialized relief of enterprise environmental tort in our country is put forward. The third part compares the legislative and practical experience of the social relief system of environmental tort in Taiwan, Germany, Japan and the United States, and analyzes their relief characteristics, which can be used as a reference for the socialized relief of environmental tort in China. This part focuses on the partial nuisance theory in Taiwan and Japan, the tolerance limit theory in Japan, the presumption of causality system and the public compensation system, and the damage compensation system in Germany. The victim's right to ask for advice, the principle of imputation and causality of environmental tort, and the principle of imputation of environmental tort in the United States are strict liability, and superfund system and environmental liability insurance system are implemented. The fourth part proposes to perfect the social relief of environmental tort liability in our country first of all needs to perfect its background system this part from the legislation the government the enterprise as well as the public society participation aspect puts forward the proposal. Then it introduces three ways to realize the socialized relief of environmental tort in our country: environmental liability insurance system, administrative compensation system and financial guarantee or guarantee system. In order to achieve the full, timely and effective relief to the victims of environmental tort in our country, and reduce the risk of liability compensation for environmental tort, enterprises can promote economic development and maintain social stability.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68
[Abstract]:Since the 20th century, with the rapid development of science and technology and economy, the scale of industrialization and urbanization has been expanding. The problems of environmental pollution and ecological destruction have become serious social and economic problems in various countries and have become the focus of the international community. Followed by the problem of relief to the victims of environmental infringement. There is no right to relief, which requires the law to provide relief to the victims, and to prevent and reduce the occurrence of environmental violations. In the legal system, the relief system embodies the fairness and justice of the law. Therefore, only the perfect relief system has the possibility of realizing the right, and so is the relief of environmental tort. Scholars of various countries have made research on solving the problem of environmental infringement from the angle of different disciplines, and the legal field has mainly studied the environmental relief system from the standpoint of protecting the rights and interests of citizens. The emphasis is placed on the liability principle and causality of environmental tort liability. This article uses the empirical analysis, the comparative analysis method, through to the environment infringement, the environmental tort liability socialization relief, our country Taiwan area and the foreign environment tort relief system legislation and the practice analysis, This paper systematically discusses and analyzes the socialized relief system of environmental tort liability in our country. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into four parts. The first part mainly introduces the emergence of environment and environmental problems. As the basis of citizens' environmental rights and interests, environmental right is a new and independent human rights, and the connotation of environmental tort is analyzed and expounded. The second part analyzes the meaning of legal remedy and social relief of environmental tort, and analyzes the theoretical basis of socialized relief of environmental tort at the same time. The theoretical basis includes corporate environmental responsibility, fairness and justice theory and external uneconomic theory. By comparing the current situation of the legal relief system of environmental tort in our country, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the relief of environmental tort at the present stage. These problems mainly include that the principle of prevention of environmental problems is not established in the legislation, and the charge of sewage discharge is unreasonable. The extension of producer responsibility, the inadequate relief measures, the imputation principle cannot include all cases of environmental tort, the burden of proof and the presumption of causality, the problem of public participation, Furthermore, the necessity of introducing socialized relief of enterprise environmental tort in our country is put forward. The third part compares the legislative and practical experience of the social relief system of environmental tort in Taiwan, Germany, Japan and the United States, and analyzes their relief characteristics, which can be used as a reference for the socialized relief of environmental tort in China. This part focuses on the partial nuisance theory in Taiwan and Japan, the tolerance limit theory in Japan, the presumption of causality system and the public compensation system, and the damage compensation system in Germany. The victim's right to ask for advice, the principle of imputation and causality of environmental tort, and the principle of imputation of environmental tort in the United States are strict liability, and superfund system and environmental liability insurance system are implemented. The fourth part proposes to perfect the social relief of environmental tort liability in our country first of all needs to perfect its background system this part from the legislation the government the enterprise as well as the public society participation aspect puts forward the proposal. Then it introduces three ways to realize the socialized relief of environmental tort in our country: environmental liability insurance system, administrative compensation system and financial guarantee or guarantee system. In order to achieve the full, timely and effective relief to the victims of environmental tort in our country, and reduce the risk of liability compensation for environmental tort, enterprises can promote economic development and maintain social stability.
【学位授予单位】：中国科学技术大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D922.68
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