保险法近因原则司法实践研究

发布时间：2018-06-03 02:30

本文选题：保险法因果关系 + 近因原则　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：集千家之财，解一家之困。当今社会，保险已然成为分散风险，消化损失的一项重要经济制度，它消化损失的功能是通过作为保险主体一方的保险公司给予保险另一方即保险相对人1保险赔偿金来实现的。因此，，当某种保险事故发生后，保险相对人能否得到赔偿，须明确保险事故与损害之间的因果关系。近因原则就是寻找保险事故与保险标的损失之间因果关系，从而确定保险人应否承担保险责任的一项原则。近因原则起源于英美法系的海上保险，并在1906年《英国海上保险法》首次立法确认。但由于英美法系各国是判例法系国家，他们重视对个案的分析而忽视对理论的归纳，致使“近因”一词的内涵至今也无一定论。目前，认定近因原则的学说主要有“时空说”、“效果说”及“折衷说”。从国外来看，近因原则在两大法系中的地位迥异。在英美关系中，各国普遍将近因原则规定为认定保险法因果关系的主导原则。英美法系的大法官们在判案过程中，不仅解决当事人的争议和纠纷，平衡双方的利益，同时也承担起丰富法学原理的神圣职责。他们在大量判决书中对近因原则作了丰富而详尽的讨论：实现了近因原则认定学说由“时空说”向“效果说”的转变，形成了“链条理论”、“常识性标准”判定方法等，使近因原则在不断运用中日臻成熟。而在大陆法系，近因原则的运用却一再遭到排斥。从立法上看，大陆法系国家未将近因发展为一项判定保险法因果关系的基本原则在立法中予以规定；从保险法学界研究来看，大陆法系国家对保险法因果关系的认定也是百家争鸣，主要有条件说、义务射程说、相当因果关系说、比例因果关系说等，但对近因原则却持反对态度，仅在海上保险法领域，曾有学者建议将近因原则作为相当因果关系说的补充学说予以适用。在我国，保险法理论界普遍承认了近因原则的重大意义和地位，保险实务界也广为流传一句话：判断责任看近因，决定赔偿看范围。近因原则似乎成为一种不言自明的法律思维。然而遗憾的是，我国现行法律体系中，无论是《保险法》还是《海商法》，对近因原则只字未提。保险法理论界对其研究和阐述也不尽充分。分析其原因：一是由于我国受大陆法系因果关系理论的影响深远，致使我国保险法领域对近因原则不够重视，少有学者对其作全面而细致的研究。二是近因原则理论本身复杂，许多概念尚处于众说纷纭之态。可以说，近因原则被我国立法和司法实践正确认知和采纳都需一个漫长实践的过程。然而，长期性不应成为法律发展和完善的阻碍。由于法律文化、法律环境及具体国情的巨大差异，立法者在确立一个新的法律原则之时踯躅不前，犹豫不决，是值得理解的，但因此而长时间不做任何立法上的努力，便会导致保险法律体系不完整，更严重的是，对我国保险实践和司法实践产生极大的负面影响。近因原则具有完善保险法律体系，平衡双方保险利益，保障理赔有章可循及有效防止道德风险的制度价值，而且具有在我国立法上的必要性和可行性，因此，近因原则在我国立法上应有独立地位，应在《保险法》中明确规定近因原则。同时，通过在保险合同中的明示与说明，司法解释中的具体规定，保险习惯与惯例的适当引入以及对一因一果和多因一果的类型化分析，保障近因原则在保险实践与司法实践中的具体应用。
[Abstract]:In today's society, insurance has become an important economic system for dispersing risks and digesting losses. The function of it to digest losses is realized by the insurance company that is a party of insurance to the other party, the insurance counterpart, 1 insurance compensation. It is necessary to identify the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the damage. The principle of proximate cause is to find the causal relationship between the insurance accident and the loss of the insurance mark, so as to determine whether the insurer should bear the liability of insurance.
The principle of proximate cause originated from the maritime insurance of the Anglo American law system and the first legislation of the British Maritime Insurance Law in 1906. But because the countries of the Anglo American law system are the case law countries, they attach importance to the analysis of the case and ignore the induction of the theory, so that the connotation of the word "proximate cause" is not certain. At present, the study of the principle of proximate cause is to be found. There are mainly "space-time theory", "effect theory" and "compromise theory".
From abroad, the position of the principle of proximate cause is very different in the two legal systems. In the relationship between Britain and America, the principle of proximate cause is generally defined as the leading principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. In the process of judging the case, the judges of the Anglo American Law system not only solve the disputes and disputes of the parties, balance the interests of the two sides, but also take on the rich law of law. They have made a rich and detailed discussion of the principle of proximate cause in a large number of judgments: the realization of the transformation of the theory of the recognition of the principle of proximate cause from the "theory of space-time" to the "effect", and the formation of the "chain theory", "common sense standard" determination method, and so on, to make the principle of proximate cause mature in continuous application. Legal system, the application of the principle of proximate cause has been repeatedly rejected. From the legislative point of view, the civil law countries have not formulated the basic principles of the development of the proximate cause as a basic principle of determining the causation of the insurance law. From the study of the insurance law, the cognizance of the causality of the insurance law in the civil law countries is also contending, and the main conditions are said. In the compulsory range, the theory of causality is quite causality, but it is opposed to the principle of proximate cause. Only in the field of marine insurance law, some scholars have suggested that the principle of proximate cause should be applied as a complementary theory of considerable causality.
In our country, the theoretical circle of insurance law universally acknowledges the significance and status of the principle of proximate cause, and the insurance practice circle has also widely circulated a sentence: judging the immediate cause of responsibility and determining the scope of compensation. The principle of proximate cause seems to be a kind of self-evident legal thinking. However, it is regrettable that in our current legal system, whether it is the insurance law or < < < The theoretical circle of the insurance law has not been fully studied and expounded by the theoretical circle of the insurance law. The reasons are as follows: one is that our country is deeply influenced by the theory of causality in the continental law system, resulting in insufficient attention to the principle of proximate cause in the field of insurance law in China, and few scholars have made comprehensive and meticulous research on it. Two is the principle of proximate cause. The theory itself is complex, and many concepts are still in different opinions. It can be said that the principle of proximate cause is correctly recognized and adopted by our country's legislation and judicial practice.
However, long-term nature should not be a hindrance to the development and perfection of law. Due to the great differences in legal culture, legal environment and specific national conditions, it is worth understanding that lawmakers wander and hesitate to establish a new legal principle, but it is worth understanding, but for a long time, no legislative effort will lead to the legal system of insurance. More complete and more serious, it has a great negative impact on China's insurance practice and judicial practice.
The principle of proximate cause has the system value of perfecting the insurance legal system, balancing the interests of the two sides, ensuring the institutional value of the claim that the claim is organized and effectively preventing the moral hazard, and it has the necessity and feasibility in our country's legislation. Therefore, the principle of proximate cause should have an independent position in the legislation of our country, and the principle of proximate cause should be clearly defined in the insurance law. The concrete application of the principle of close cause in the practice of insurance and the judicial practice is ensured through the explicit instructions and instructions in the insurance contract, the specific provisions of the judicial interpretation, the proper introduction of the insurance habits and practices, and the type analysis of a result of a fruit and a cause.
【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D922.284

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