工程重大安全事故罪主体及法定刑问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 14:40

本文选题：工程重大安全事故罪　切入点：单位犯罪　出处：《吉林大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：工程重大安全事故罪是1997年《刑法》中新增加的若干单位犯罪之一，工程重大安全事故罪，是指建设单位、设计单位、施工单位、工程监理单位因违反国家规定，降低工程质量标准，造成重大安全事故的行为，本罪是只处罚直接责任人员的典型的代罚制的单位犯罪。学理界与司法实务界，在工程重大安全事故罪主体范围的界定、代罚制惩罚依据与法定刑的适用等诸多方面存在诸多争论，人们尚未形成统一认识，学界对此问题的研究也并不深入。关于本罪主体范围的界定，学理界存在诸多争论，有单位说、自然人说、单位与自然人说。通过对各种学说的分析，从罪刑法定原则与我国现阶段立法现状看，工程重大安全事故罪的主体只能是单位，不包括自然人、人合性组织等其他形式的不具有单位属性，不能被刑法评价为单位的组织体。而从司法实务界生效的判决中看，不具有单位属性的个人、临时组建的施工队、通过挂靠等非法形式取得施工资质的无资质的个人、承包人、转包人，都可以工程重大安全事故罪定罪量刑,这不免有类推解释的嫌疑。随着改革开放的深化与市场经济的日益繁荣，工程建设呈现井喷式的发展态势，而我国对于工程建设行业准入又实行资质审批制度，这便造成了现在在工程建设领域中常见的各种规避法律法规的行为，如无资质或者低资质的个人或者组织通过挂靠的形式取得相应从业资格，将建设工程分包或者转包给个人或其他不具有单位属性的人合性组织等等。对于此类主体能否入刑的问题，司法实践中已经给出了肯定的答案，，但是法律却并没有明确的规定予以支撑。由于不具有相应施工资质的个人或者人合性组织，可能不具有与建设工程相匹配的技术体系、管理和施工经验，在需要极强的专业性来保障工程质量的建设领域，一旦发生安全事故，将会造成人员和财产双重的巨大损失。因此有必要分析个人及人合性组织入刑的问题。工程重大安全事故罪还存在一个立法缺陷在于，本罪实行单罚制中的代罚制，即只处罚单位中的直接责任人员，这便造成了犯罪主体与受刑主体不一致的现实问题。通过对现有的个人承担单位犯罪刑事责任的国内各学说以及外国理论与司法实务判例的介绍和分析，在现有的单位犯罪惩罚体系内，单位的刑事责任天然地内在地包含了个人的刑事责任，因为个人是单位不可分割的组成部分。个人因其犯罪意志在单位行为中的外化而承担刑事责任，这并不是替单位承担责任，而是对罪责自负原则的体现。本文通过深入探讨工程重大安全事故罪的主体界定、代罚制惩罚依据以及法定刑的适用问题，并提出了对于本罪主体方面法定刑的完善建议，即增加对于单位的资格刑的惩罚，危险犯入刑的必要性，增加个人及人合性组织作为犯罪主体，实行单位与个人责任分离、罪责自负制度等等。
[Abstract]:The crime of major engineering safety accident is one of the newly added crimes of several units in the Criminal Law of 1997. The crime of major engineering safety accident refers to the construction unit, the design unit, the construction unit and the project supervision unit for violating the state regulations. The crime is a typical unit crime that only penalizes the persons directly responsible. The definition of the subject scope of the crime of major safety accident in the field of theory and judicial practice is that the standard of engineering quality is reduced and the serious safety accident is caused by the act of causing the serious safety accident, and the crime is a typical unit crime that only penalizes the persons directly responsible for the crime. There are many controversies about the basis of punishment on behalf of punishment and the application of statutory punishment. People have not yet formed a unified understanding, and the academic research on this issue is not deep. There are many arguments about the definition of the scope of the subject of this crime, the academic field, and so on. Some units say that natural persons say, units and natural persons say. Through the analysis of various theories, from the point of view of the principle of legally prescribed punishment for a crime and the current legislative situation in our country, the main body of the crime of major safety accidents in engineering projects can only be units, excluding natural persons. Organizations that do not have unit attributes and cannot be evaluated as units by criminal law, such as human organizations. From the judgment in effect in the judicial practice, individuals who do not have unit attributes are temporarily formed construction teams, Unqualified individuals, contractors and subcontractors who have obtained construction qualifications through illegal means, such as links, may all be convicted and sentenced for the crime of major safety accidents. With the deepening of reform and opening up and the increasing prosperity of the market economy, engineering construction is showing a blowout development trend, and our country implements the qualification examination and approval system for the engineering construction industry. This has resulted in a variety of behaviors that are now common in the field of engineering and construction to circumvent laws and regulations, such as unqualified or low-qualified individuals or organizations that obtain their respective qualifications by joining them. Subcontracting or subcontracting construction projects to individuals or other organizations with no unit attributes, etc. The judicial practice has already given the affirmative answer to the question of whether such subjects can be punished. However, the law does not have a clear stipulation to support it. Since individuals or organizations without corresponding construction qualifications may not have the technical system, management and construction experience to match the construction projects, In the field of construction which needs strong professionalism to guarantee the engineering quality, once a safety accident occurs, it will cause huge losses of both personnel and property. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the problem of individual and human organization. There is also a legislative flaw in the crime of major engineering safety accidents, which is that this crime carries out the substitute penalty system in the single penalty system, that is, only the persons directly responsible in the unit are punished. Through the introduction and analysis of the existing domestic doctrines of individual criminal responsibility for unit crime and foreign theoretical and judicial practice cases, In the existing punishment system of unit crime, the criminal responsibility of the unit naturally contains the criminal responsibility of the individual. Because the individual is an inseparable part of the unit, the individual bears criminal responsibility because of the externalization of his criminal will in the unit's behavior, which is not the responsibility for the unit, but the embodiment of the principle of self-responsibility for the crime. This paper probes into the definition of the subject of the crime of major safety accident in engineering, the punishment basis of the substitute punishment system and the application of the statutory punishment, and puts forward some suggestions for the perfection of the statutory punishment in the subject of the crime. That is to say, we should increase the punishment of the qualification punishment of the unit, the necessity of dangerous crime, increase the individual and human organization as the subject of the crime, implement the separation of the unit and the individual responsibility, and so on.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D924.3

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