基于群集风险理论的体育建筑看台安全设计研究

发布时间：2018-01-10 11:18

本文关键词：基于群集风险理论的体育建筑看台安全设计研究　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：随着经济的发展和社会的进步,大型体育建筑作为经济文化的主要载体,承担着越来越多的体育赛事、娱乐活动和集会事件,这些活动都伴随着大量的人群聚集现象。20世纪以来,大型体育建筑内的人群事故频繁发生,高密集人群的安全问题引起了人们的高度重视,而体育建筑看台区域是赛时大量观众聚集的主要区域,是人群聚集风险的高发地带,而且一旦发生人群拥挤踩踏事故,后果极为严重,甚至伴随着紧急疏散过程中次生灾害的发生。已有研究表明,建筑空间环境和设施的安全设计对聚集人群在紧急情况下的心理和行为模式影响较大。但是,目前尚缺乏从人群行为这一视角进行建筑环境安全设计的系统研究。本文将群集风险理论引入到体育建筑看台的人群安全设计。首先统计分析发生在大型体育建筑内典型的人群事故案例,从宏观上对事故的发生机理进行了梳理,包括事故发生的类型、特征、原因和发展阶段分析;以事故的发展过程为脉络,引入群集风险理论,旨在从微观上探讨聚集人群在正常和恐慌两种情况下的心理和行为规律,重点探讨建筑空间环境对人群心理和行为的影响;将这一理论应用在看台区域,分析了看台区域观众人群的构成、观众人群的观看目的和动机,总结出看台各重点区域可能出现的人群聚集风险。从整体上来说,看台的安全设计综合要素包括安全分区和安全容量、看台功能、看台分隔和疏散组织,并在看台结构设计要素中,重点讨论了看台人群动态荷载的重要性。从局部来看,看台瓶颈区域的人群滞留问题、群集状态下看台栏杆的安全设计以及看台的视线设计、观众席设计、临时看台等细节问题也是看台人群安全设计的重要内容。紧急情况下的恐慌心理会导致人群的不适应行为,极易在建筑瓶颈区的疏散过程中出现拱形堵塞现象。这种现象是大量人群聚集场所需要关注的重点问题。基于群集动力学的理论方法,分析了疏散过程中拱形堵塞的形成机理及其影响因素;用人群密度、人群速度、人流通过率三个物理量构建出不同时段,在建筑瓶颈区的动态人群疏散模型,可计算出滞留人数和疏散时间;将STEPS软件计算的结果与本模型进行了比较,证明了本模型的有效性;又通过一实例得出了建筑瓶颈区域的安全出口宽度的阈值。计算结果表明,当人群处于恐慌状态时,出口的安全宽度和危险宽度之间仅一步之遥,细微的建筑环境的变化可以对人群行为产生巨大的影响。此滞留模型应用简便,使用的参数易于获取,可用来指导建筑的性能化设计,还适用于疏散路径的选择和优化。对疏散安全出口的设置进行了探讨,不均匀的出口位置会对疏散效率产生影响,具体阐述了解决这一问题的最优化策略。通过调研国内外关于栏杆设计的规范,比较分析了二者的不同,总结了我国与栏杆有关的规范要求的不足之处;从人群疏散的角度对栏杆进行了分类,针对不同的栏杆类型提出了相对应的研究重点;为了得出人群密度、人群倾斜角度和栏杆高度的定量关系,对已有的人群倾斜模型进行了修正,使之更加符合真实情况;通过实验方法得出了人体能承受的安全压力的大小,为栏杆的水平设计荷载值的选取提供了理论依据。看台的视线设计方面重点阐述了视线受阻可能引起的安全问题,论证了首排栏杆对视线的遮挡问题,并给出了优化策略。在观众席设计方面对比了国内外相关规范,提出了我国规范存在的一些问题。最后,基于以上研究,对比国际建筑规范中有关体育建筑看台的安全设计原则,整合研究成果,对于看台的分区、安全容量、观众座席区域、最短疏散距离、通道出口宽度等方面给出了切实可行的增补建议;从各类栏杆的位置、高度、水平设计荷载、构造要求等方面给出了规范建议,为完善我国体育建筑的相关规范打下了理论基础。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy and social progress, the large sports buildings as the main carrier of economy and culture, plays a more and more sports, entertainment and rally events, these activities are accompanied by a large crowd gathered phenomenon in the.20 century, large sports buildings in the crowd accidents occur frequently, the security problem caused by the high crowded the attention of the people, and stand area sports building is a major regional tournament gathered a large audience, a crowd of high risk areas, and in the event of a crowd stampede, extremely serious consequences, even with the emergency evacuation of secondary disasters occur in the process. Studies have shown that the design of architectural space and environment safety the facility has great influence on the psychology and behavior mode in case of an emergency gathering crowd. However, there is still a lack of from the visual angle of crowd behavior The system of building environment safety design. In this paper the cluster risk theory is introduced into the design of sports building stands crowd safety. Firstly, statistical analysis of typical accident cases occurred in the crowd in the major sports in the building, from the macro mechanism of the accident are summarized, including the type, the accident characteristics, analysis of the causes and development stage; in the context of the development process of the accident, the cluster risk theory, aims to explore the psychology and behavior of the panic in normal and two cases gathered from the micro level, focusing on building space environment impact on people's psychology and behavior; this theory is applied in the stand area, analysis of the composition of the stand area audience the audience, viewing the purpose and motivation, summed up the key regional stands may appear in the crowd risk. On the whole, the safety design of the stands Combined elements include security partition and security capacity, stand function, stand separation and evacuation, and stand structure design elements, focuses on the importance of the crowd dynamic load. From the local perspective, the regional population bottleneck stands retention problem, cluster state stands railings safety design and the design of the audience stand the sight. Design, temporary stands and other details are important contents of crowd safety design. Maladaptive behavior psychological panic in emergency situations will lead to population, arch plug phenomenon easily in the construction area of the bottleneck in the process of evacuation. This phenomenon is a key problem for a large number of people gathering places in need of attention. Theory and method of cluster based on dynamics and analyzes the mechanism and influence factors of arch clogging formation in the process of evacuation; with the population density, population rate, rate of flow through the three physical quantities Built in different periods, people in the building dynamic model of evacuation bottleneck area, can calculate the number of remaining and the evacuation time; STEPS software calculation results with the model were compared to show the validity of the model by an example; and the construction bottleneck area exit width threshold. The calculation results show that when the crowd, in a state of panic, the width and the width between the security risk of the export of only one step away, subtle changes in the environment can have a great effect on the crowd behavior. This model of detention is simple in application, using the parameters can be easily obtained, can be used to guide the construction of the performance design, is also suitable for selection and optimization the evacuation path of evacuation safety. Exports were discussed, the uneven export position will affect the evacuation efficiency, expounds the optimal strategy to solve this problem. The research on standard railing design at home and abroad, compares the difference between the two, summed up the inadequacies of standard of our country and rail related requirements; the classification of rail from the evacuation point, according to the different types of bars and puts forward the research emphases correspondingly; in order to get the quantitative relationship between population density, population the tilt angle and the height of the railing, the existing population tilt model was modified to make it more in line with the real situation; through the experiment method that the safety pressure of the human body can withstand the size of bars level design load value provides a theoretical basis for the selection of the line of sight. Stand design focuses on the blocked security issues may be caused by the occlusion problem demonstrates the first row of the railing on the line of sight, and gives the optimization strategy. In the audience design compared the relevant norms at home and abroad, put forward Some problems existing in our specification. Finally, based on the above research, the safety design principle about sports building stands compared with the international building codes, the integration of research results, for the stands of the partition, security capacity, the audience seating area, the shortest evacuation distance, exit width etc. gives practical suggestions from the height of supplement; all kinds of rail position, the level of design load and structural requirements are proposed to improve the relevant norms, norms of China's sports architecture has laid a theoretical basis.

【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU245

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