东楮岛村海草房营造工艺研究

发布时间：2018-01-10 19:22

  本文关键词：东楮岛村海草房营造工艺研究　出处：《山东大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 海草房 传统民居 建筑艺术 营造工艺 结构

【摘要】：论文选题以山东省荣成市宁津街道东楮岛村的海草房为典型个案,通过对村落沿革、建筑形制、营造工艺、起居文化、生活习俗、室内陈设与家具等具体内容进行分析,阐释海洋文化和渔村起居文化对海草房营造法则的影响。选题采用社会学、人类学、建筑学、民艺学、古建筑测绘学等研究方法,深入剖析海草房建筑结构和东楮岛村的历史人文境遇。论文的研究目的在于：海草房营造工艺是我国传统民居建筑文化的重要内容,以苫作、石作和木作为代表的传统手工艺具有地域性匠作特征,体现了胶东地区民间技艺的审美特质。苫作技术是一门古老的营造法则,选择海草进行屋面苫作亦是渔村文化的特殊显现形式。因此,研究海草房的苫作手艺不仅具有历史价值和审美价值,而且从这门技艺的传承脉络中能够获得具有民族精神的手工文化价值。研究海草房营造工艺所具有的手艺原理和人文思想,亦将为我国现代建筑营造技术和规划设计带来借鉴意义。 研究东楮岛村落的海草房营造法则和传统村落文化,对于我国现代建筑设计和非物质文化遗产保护有着重要的现实意义。目前,在城镇化建设过程中如东楮岛村这类具有悠久历史和起居文化的传统村落,业已濒临消亡。因此,本文认为以东楮岛为代表的村落是我国民间文化生态的宝贵遗产,对其进行抢救和保护工作迫在眉睫。提出保护传统海草房民居建筑的观点：既不可割裂历史一味求新,更不可固步自封因循守旧般对待,探寻彼此之间的最佳契合点应该是继承传统文化的途径。 本文主要通过四个方面对海草房营造工艺进行研究：空间结构与功能、海岩石料墙体制作、木作工艺和苫作手艺,并根据每个营造环节提出以下观点： 第一,东楮岛村传统海草房建筑空间符合北方民居宅院的营造原则,以四合院为单元纵横有致的构成聚落形态。为了适应三面环海的岛屿生活域境,海草房的空间营造必须满足渔业生产和依海而居的“宜用”原则。此外,山东地区传统的历史文化和人文背景对村落居住空间的形成产生了重要影响,“东为大”、“正房”、“子山午向”等礼制空间观念充分融入到营造思想之中。海草房的空间形态和结构往往带有浓郁的伦理特征和礼制原则。 第二,海草房石作用材具有显著的海洋文化特征,毗邻桑沟湾海域的大量海岩被开发使用,成为建筑的主要原料。石匠们按照建筑用材的规格处理墙体石料,用简陋的斧凿钉锤修整石料。置身于东楮岛村中心地带,东西横向排列的北街、中街、南街,与南北交错的西街形成村落布局整齐的规划效果。每一条古街的趋势笔直宽敞,矗立两旁的海草房建筑山墙彼此紧紧连接,使村内多年以来没有出现其他街道或者胡同。这类村落布局特征形成的主要原因在于建筑的排列和营造方式,而东楮岛村民称海草房山墙连接的方式为“伙山”或“接山”。海草房建筑墙体的表面很少有装饰,从海草屋面到“墙根”一切皆“取法自然”。海草屋面的修饰唯有梳理和压脊,而墙面依靠石料组砌形成的自然纹路,朴实自然是海草房建筑的审美特征。不过,通过细致的测绘和观察,在墙体表面也可以寻找到一两件具有功能的装饰附件,如“盘子”、“驴马桩”、“门窗口饰”等等。这些依附于建筑的构件不仅仅是为了增加美的修饰,还具有满足生活起居过程中的使用价值。 第三,海草房建筑体系的承力结构以石作为主,屋面结构以苫作为主,木作仅占较小的比例。海草房的梁架檩脊结构属于大木作,其余皆为不承重的小木作,诸如门窗、隔断、家具等。然而,海草屋面形态却完全由木作构成,更重要的是,木质材料专门作为海草房建筑受力结构的承上启下部件。东楮岛村木作匠人流传着这样一条原则,木作结构在建筑中的作用就像鱼的骨骼,连接所有功能和结构部件。海草房木作系统包括“好汉子”、“八字木”、“脊梁杆子”、“印”和“腰杆子”,这是在民间传播文化语境中形成的匠作术语。作为一种技术语言,尤其是相关受众起居生活的符号模式,应该具备两种传播的途径。首要途径是在匠人中达到通识,荣成地区民间匠作在木作体系内的称谓具有地方性或乡土性的特征,同时亦具备整个山东甚至北方区域的营造色彩。匠作需要“则例”,即通用的标准,能够论证标准的语言概念符号必须明确、易懂、通用,甚至具备较强的可持续性。这种情况在现代建筑语言模式里相当普遍,无论是水泥混凝土搅拌作业,还是钢筋焊接技术工,在机械化施工过程中必须贯彻建筑力学、结构部件或物理化学安装概念的标准术语。同现代建筑相比,传统建筑语言在标准和术语的界定上更加强调本土性和民族性。 第四,东楮岛村海草房的屋面廓型呈不规则曲线状,屋脊处两端高耸,脊线以下弦弧形为轨迹,远看整体线型的结构流畅自然。若选择不同视点观察,以东西山墙的侧面为观察视角,屋面为等腰三角形结构,尖耸直上；以南北轴线为观察视角,屋面为圆弧曲线稍显下垂结构,且具有明显大于墙面高度的比例关系。此外,坐北朝向东南方向的传统海草房整齐划一,依序排列在古街道两旁,彼此屋面连贯成一体,组成节奏感极强的曲线波动,显现出胶东渔村建筑特有的形式美感。荣成地区传统匠作称这种屋面的制作方法为“苫房子”,即苫作,匠人拉海草作为房顶的主要材料,利用手工梳理、挤压、拍实,形成“人字坡”状的特殊屋面结构。苫作手艺是海草房民居建筑营造过程中至关重要的环节,不仅创造出屋面优美自然的曲线形态,而且是建筑“避风雨”、“御寒暑”功能实现的主要因素。 东楮岛村海草房是山东沿海地区传统民居建筑的典型样式,它既是我国传统营造工艺的技术成果,亦是本土海洋文化的物质显现。海草房建筑营造以其特有的空间功能规划、布置经营观念、选材用料原则、工艺传承经验等内容,显现出渔村文化和乡土社会的审美思想。山东民居营造技术有着悠久的历史渊源,从《考工记》到《齐民要术》齐鲁文化重视对各类科学技术进行理论总结,形成规章制度延续至今。山东民居融合大江南北的历史风格,其空间形制、建造技艺、尺度比例、结构装饰等营造细节皆以义理为垂范,蕴含深厚的礼制文化底蕴。 通过调研发现,东楮岛村面临的现实问题是如何处理现代生活方式与承继传统文化的矛盾。渔民的后代们建立了现代生产关系,加快了村子起居生活的节奏。具备远洋能力的大型机械渔船代替了“赶小海”的小舢板；采用复合养殖方式生产海参、海带、紫菜等产业代替了捕捞野生海参、扇贝和海草；以家族或个人进行渔业生产的组织方式被集团化、公司化、链式作业所替代,老村落后的设施已不能满足产业发展需求；现代交通运输业和城乡差异的减少,促使村落格局和原住民状况发生变化；村内老龄化和青壮年劳力流失问题严重；地产业的浪潮强烈冲击着环海小岛,土地开发利用策略迫使传统建筑走向被拆除的命运。这些问题不仅存在于东楮岛,也是我国众多传统村落面临的生存威胁。论文最后章节根据实地考察获得的数据和资料,以东楮岛村的保护和发展为例,探析我国城镇化建设进程中传统村落文化的现状,并针对其中存在的客观矛盾提出解决方案。
[Abstract]:The thesis takes Shandong province Rongcheng city Ningjin Street East Mulberry Shimamura seaweed house as a typical case, the village history, building structure, construction technology, living culture, life custom, interior furnishings and furniture and other specific content analysis, interpretation of marine culture and living culture village building laws. The influence on the real social topics of seaweed science, anthropology, architecture, folklore, ancient building surveying and mapping and other research methods, in-depth analysis of the seaweed house building structure and the historical situation of East Mulberry Shimamura. The purpose of the study is to create a real process: seaweed is an important content of traditional architecture culture in China, to cover, stone and wood as the representative of the regional traditional handicraft artisan features, embodies the aesthetic characteristics of folk art in Jiaodong. With technology is one of the oldest building laws of the roof cover, selection of seaweed is also made of fish The special manifestation of village culture. Therefore, the research of the seaweed house as thatch technology not only has historical value and aesthetic value, but also from the art heritage context can be obtained with the national spirit and cultural value. The research manual is the process to create real seaweed craft principle and humanism, will also be a reference for our country modern construction technology and planning design.
Study on the Island Village East Mulberry seaweed house building laws and traditional village culture, has important practical significance for China's modern architectural design and the protection of intangible cultural heritage. At present, in the urbanization process of Rudong mulberry Shimamura this has a long history and culture of the traditional village living, has been on the verge of extinction. Therefore, the East Mulberry island as the representative of the village is the precious heritage of our country folk cultural ecology, carries on the rescue and protection work is imminent. The protection of traditional seaweed houses architecture point of view: not only can not be separated from history to pursue a new, but can not rest on its laurels conservative treated like to find the best fit point, between each other should be is the inheritance of the traditional culture of the way.
This paper mainly through the process of creating the seaweed house in four aspects: spatial structure and function, Hai Yan stone wall, wooden craft and tarpaulin for technology, and put forward the following views according to each link of construction:
First, East Mulberry Shimamura traditional architectural space in accordance with the principle of construction of seaweed houses in northern residential courtyards, courtyard is the unit of aspect has caused settlement. In order to island life area surrounded on three sides by the adaptation, seaweed house spatial construction must meet the fishery production and under the sea in the "appropriate" principle. In addition, Shandong area of traditional historical culture and cultural background has important influence on the formation of the village residential space, "East", "folk", "hill to the afternoon" ritual space concept is fully integrated into the thoughts of construction. The space form and structure of seaweed houses with rich ethical characteristics and often etiquette principle.
Second, the seaweed house stone material has obvious characteristics of marine culture, a large number of Hai Yan adjacent to the Sanggou Bay was developed, become the main raw material of the building. The masons in accordance with the specifications of wall building materials of stone, with a simple axe hammer dressing stone. In the center of East mulberry Shimamura, transversely arranged things North Street, street, South Street, the formation of the effect of planning the layout of the village neat and North South staggered West. Each street trend straight and spacious, stands on both sides of the seaweed house building gable is tightly connected each other, since the village for many years without other streets or alleys. The main reason for the formation of the layout of the village lies in the construction of the arrangement and characteristics to create a way to the East Mulberry Island villagers said the sea cottage connection "Gang gable mountain" or "the mountain". There is little decoration surface seaweed house building wall, roof from seaweed "The wall" all "natural law". The only comb and modified seaweed roof pressure ridge, and stone masonry walls on group formation of a natural texture, simple and natural aesthetic features of seaweed house buildings. However, through careful mapping and observation in the wall surface can also find one or two functions the accessories, such as "dishes", "donkey," post "windows garnished" and so on. These components attached to the building is not only to increase the beauty of the modification, and also satisfies the daily life in the process of use value.
Third, the seaweed house building system with stone as the main load-bearing structure, roof structure with straw as the main wood, only a small proportion. Beam purlin ridge structure belongs to the seaweed house timber, the rest are not bearing the small wood, such as windows and doors, partition, furniture and so on. However, the seaweed roof is completely form the wood structure, more importantly, wood materials used exclusively for housing construction by connecting parts of seagrass structure. East Mulberry Shimamura wood carpenter people with such a principle, the wooden structures in the construction of the role as fish bones, connecting all the structure and function of real wood components. Seaweed system includes "good for man", "eight wood", "backbone pole", "Yin" and "back", which was formed in the spread of folk culture in the context of the artisan terms. As a technical language, especially the audience related sign pattern in daily life, should be out By way of two propagation. The first way is to general craftsmen, folk craftsman in Rongcheng region in the wood in the system has the characteristics of appellation local or vernacular, but also have to create a color throughout the Shandong area. Even the North need to "rule", carpenter for the standard, to the concept of language the standard symbol argument must be clear, easy to understand, universal, even with strong sustainability. This situation is quite common in modern architectural language mode, both the cement concrete mixing operation, or steel welding technology, in the course of mechanized construction must carry out construction mechanics, the concept of the standard terminology installation structure components or physical chemistry. Compared with modern architecture, the traditional architectural language in defining the standard terminology and more emphasis on local and national characteristics.
Fourth, the roof profile of East Sea mulberry Shimamura cottage irregular curved roof at both ends of high ridge line following string arc trajectory, far see the overall line structure of the natural flow. If choose a different view to observe, to the side of East-West gable roof as the viewing angle, isosceles triangle structure, the large tip straight on the north-south axis; as the viewing angle, the roof arc curve slightly drooping structure, and has significantly greater than the wall height ratio. In addition, sitting north to the southeast of the traditional seaweed room tidy, arranged in the ancient streets in sequence, each roof coherent body, composed of a strong sense of rhythm curve fluctuations. Show the form beauty of Jiaodong fishing village building specific. The traditional carpenter Rongcheng region production method called the "roof thatch house", namely thatch, artisan seaweed as the main material of the roof pulled by hand, comb, squeeze Pressure, compacting, special roof structure of the formation of the "herringbone slope" shape. For thatch seaweed houses construction craft is the most important link in the process, not only to create a beautiful natural curve shape roof, and is building "shelter", "the main factors of the Royal" function.
East Mulberry Shimamura sea cottage is a typical pattern of traditional residential buildings in the coastal areas of Shandong. It is our traditional technology to create a process, is also the local marine culture building to appear. Seaweed houses its unique functional space planning, layout management concepts, principles of selection of materials, craft heritage experience content, showing the aesthetic thought of village culture and local society. Shandong residential construction technology has a long history, from the test work to record < > and < > QiminYaoshu of Qilu culture takes the theory summary of all kinds of science and technology, the formation of rules and regulations so far. Shandong houses the fusion on both sides of the Changjiang River style of history, its space form, construction techniques, the scale structure, decoration and other construction details are significance as an example, the profound etiquette culture.
The research shows that the problems facing East Mulberry Shimamura is how to deal with the contradiction between the modern life style and inheriting the traditional culture. The descendants of fishermen set up modern production relations, accelerate the village living rhythm. Have the ability of ocean fishing of large machinery instead of "catch the sea" sampan; using compound aquaculture production sea cucumber, kelp, seaweed and other industries instead of catching wild sea cucumber, seaweed and Scallop in Shell; with family or individual fishery production organization by the group, the company, replaced by the chain operation, behind the old village facilities have been unable to meet the needs of industrial development; reduce the modern transportation industry and the difference between urban and rural areas, promote the village pattern and the change of aboriginal village; aging and young labor turnover problem is serious; the industry tide strongly impact on the sea island, land development With the strategy of forcing traditional architecture towards the fate of being demolished. These problems not only exist in the East Mulberry Island, is also China's many traditional villages are facing threats to survival. The last chapter according to the obtained data and on-the-spot investigation data, the protection and development of mulberry Shimamura as an example, the present situation of traditional village culture in the process of urbanization in our country in, and for which the objective contradiction existing solutions are put forward.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU241.4
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本文编号：1406519