武当山道教宫观环境空间研究

发布时间：2018-01-17 17:02

本文关键词：武当山道教宫观环境空间研究　出处：《北京林业大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国武当山,始建于隋唐、发展于宋元、大兴于明朝,是中国历史上唯一一次动用国家力量一次性规划修建而成的道教名山,武当山既是中国的文化遗产地,也是世界文化遗产地,自唐以来武当山景观无论从规模、地位,还是空间格局上都有很大的变化,是经过千年的历史发展演化形成,具有宗教和皇家双重特征,集中体现了元、明、清三代古典园林与建筑的艺术成就。因此,要了解中国道教园林和皇家园林的发展历程,对武当山道教宫观环境空间的深入研究是必不可少的。论文以武当山道教宫观为研究对象,通过对历史文献资料整理挖掘、实地调查采集数据,运用GIS方法,对武当山宫观与环境的关系及宫观院落空间进行定性和定量的研究,为武当山及其他风景名胜区的保护及规划设计提供依据,并为当代景观设计提供丰富的空间原型与组织技巧。主要结论如下： (1)梳理历史文献和以往研究成果,从景观节点、道路神道、景观序列3方面,还原出不同历史时期武当山景观分布图。划分武当山景观格局变迁为唐代(959年以前)的起源阶段、宋元(960～1367年)的发展阶段、明代(1368～1644年)的大兴阶段、清至民国(1645～1948年)的衰败阶段和新中国后(1949年以后)的新发展等五个阶段,明确了武当山景观格局初步形成于元朝,经明朝的进一步完善达到顶峰,山上部分景观格局保存至今。 (2)武当山是中国道教名山“天路历程”空间模式的典型代表,建造者巧妙利用山体地貌自身的特点来进行规划,充分考虑对地貌空间与视觉空间的划分及利用。本文归纳了武当山“天路历程”的总体规划模式：以“太和”为规划主要目标,依托主峰天柱峰,建立全山的控制中心；以“玄武信仰”为叙事主题,布局宫观；依托山体的“自然地势”,将武当山划分道教世界中的“天、地、人”空间。 (3)武当山道教宫观主要分布于剑河与水磨河之间,沿主要登山神道呈线性分布,且宫观间距离较为均匀。本文利用ArcGIS10软件对武当山道观空间分布特征与影响因子进行分析,得出：1)武当山道教宫观的分布与高程、坡度、及河流距离有显著的相关性；2)随高程的增加武当山宫观的数量和规模逐渐减小,并集中分布于距河流200-600m缓冲区及坡度为0-25°的山体,且随着与河流距离的加大宫观数量增多；3)武当山宫观主要分布于山体脊线走向的垂直方向即西、南和东南坡向；4)金顶作为武当山的地标,在全山道教宫观中具有突出的控制作用。 (4)武当山道教宫观院落的引导空间,既可为游众提供游赏向导,又能酝酿香客的宗教情绪,具有交通运输、组织景观和宗教活动的功能。武当山道教宫观引导空间的提示语言有天门、牌坊和桥三个类型,并将其组织形式总结如下：“天门+神道”是武当山道教宫观引导空间的基本形式；“天门+复墙夹道”是武当山道教宫观的特有形式；“甬路连接主神道”是普通形式应用最多,没有明显的提示语言,一般等级不高的宫观都采取这种形式。 (5)武当山道教宫观的院落空间在平面布局上分为生活区、修炼区、祭祀区三个区域,而地位最重要、保存最完整的祭祀区又可分为过渡空间、核心空间和后续空间,通过对祭祀区院落的空间率和空间尺度分析,得出：1)面积小于1hm2的道教宫观的院落空间率集中分布在0.4-0.5之间,并且随着祭祀区面积的增大院落空间率一般逐渐增大；2)通常核心空间为宫观的最大院落空间,过渡空间次之,后续空间最小,并且各进院落的进深和宽度一般都在60m以内,形成较好的围合感。 (6)南岩宫是武当山人文景观与自然景观结合最好的宫观之一,提炼各景象单元的空间特质和分析景象单元之间的空间组织,总结了这组园林化道宫的造园手法：依据自然地形地貌特征划分空间,并设置景观,达到事半功倍的效果；通过逻辑的空间组织,使各具特色的景象单元衔接顺畅；巧于因借并通过传说赋予园林多重内涵,使“意”与“境”得到统一。
[Abstract]:China Wudang Mountains, was built in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the development of Daxing in the song and Yuan Dynasties, in the Ming Dynasty, is China history only a one-time use of state power planning built Taoist mountains, Wudang Mountains is China cultural heritage, as well as a world heritage site, since the Tang Dynasty Wudang Mountains landscape in terms of size, position, or spatial pattern are there are great changes after the thousand years of history evolution, which has the characteristics of both religious and royal, embodies the yuan, Ming and Qing three generations of classical gardens and architectural artistic achievements. Therefore, to understand the China Taoism gardens and the Royal Garden of the development process, is essential to the further study of Wudang Mountain Taoist palace the concept of environmental space. In order to teach Wudang Mountain Temple as the research object, through the collation of historical data mining, field survey data, using the GIS method, the Wudang Mountains temple and ring The qualitative and quantitative research on the relationship between the environment and the courtyard courtyard provides a basis for the protection and planning design of Wudang Mountains and other scenic spots, and provides plenty of spatial prototyping and organizing skills for the contemporary landscape design.
(1) literatures and the results of previous studies, from the landscape node, road Shinto, 3 aspects of landscape sequence, restore the distribution map of different historical periods of Wudang Mountains landscape. The landscape pattern changes in Wudang Mountains division for the Tang Dynasty (959 years ago) the origin stage, song and Yuan Dynasty (960~1367 years) of the development stage, the Ming Dynasty (1368~1644 years). Daxing, Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China (1645~1948 years) the decline stage and the new China (after 1949) after the new development in five stages, the Wudang Mountains landscape pattern formed in the Yuan Dynasty, with further improvement of the Ming Dynasty reached its peak, the mountain part of the landscape pattern has been preserved.
(2) Wudang Mountains is a typical representative of the Taoist "Chinese pilgrim" space model, the clever use of the mountain landscape builder characteristics to carry out their own planning, to fully consider the classification of landscape space and visual space and use. This paper summarizes the mode of master planning of Wudang Mountains "Pilgrim": "Wo" as the main goal of planning, relying on the Tianzhu peak, the establishment of full control center of the mountain; with "Xuanwu belief" as the theme, the layout of the palace view; relying on the "natural mountain terrain", Wudang Mountains will be divided in the world ", Taoism," space.
(3) Wudang Mountain Daoist monasteries mainly distributed in Jianhe and Shuimohe River, linear distribution along the main mountain view and the distance between the palace of Shinto, more uniform. This paper uses the ArcGIS10 software to analyze the distribution and influence of the Wudang Mountains Temple space factor to obtain: 1) distribution and elevation, Wudang Mountains Taoist Temple slope. There was a significant correlation between the distance and the river; 2) with the elevation increased the number and size of the Wudang Mountains Temple decreased gradually, and concentrated in the distance from the river 200-600m buffer and the slope is 0-25 DEG mountain, with the distance from the river and increase in the number of 3) palace view; the vertical direction is mainly distributed in the mountain temple in Wudang Mountains the ridge towards the west, South and Southeast; 4) Jinding as Wudang Mountains landmark, has a prominent role in the control of the whole mountain Taoist temple.
(4) Wudang Mountains Taoist temple courtyard guide space, can provide tours for public and tour guide, brewing pilgrims of religious sentiment, with transportation, landscape organization and the religious activities. Wudang Mountain Taoist temples on boot space that language is Tianmen, and three types of arch bridge, and the forms of organization are summarized as follows: "Tianmen + Shinto" is a basic form of Wudang Mountain Taoist temples on boot space; "Tianmen + double lined wall" is a unique form of Wudang Mountains Taoist temple; "the path connecting the main Shinto" is a common form of application most, no obvious that language, the general level is not high Palace view take this form.
(5) the courtyard space of Wudang Mountains Taoist temple into the living area, in the layout on the cultivation area, three regional worship area, and the most important, most complete preservation of the worship area can be divided into the transition space, core space and subsequent space, through the space of the courtyard and rate of worship area and spatial scale analysis results show that: 1), the courtyard space area is less than 1hm2 the Taoist rate concentrated in 0.4-0.5, and with the increase of the sacrifice area courtyard space rate increased gradually; 2) usually the core space for maximum temple courtyard space, transitional space time, follow the minimum space, and the depth of courtyard and the width are generally less than 60m, the formation of good sense of enclosure.
(6) Nanyan palace is Wudang Mountains cultural landscape and the natural landscape with the best temples of space between the space characteristics and the analysis of the scene scene unit refining unit, summarizes this group of landscape gardening practices: Palace Road according to the natural terrain to divide geomorphic feature space, and landscape settings, to achieve a multiplier effect through the spatial organization; logic, scene unit cohesion make the distinctive smooth; clever borrow and the legend garden gives multiple connotations, "meaning" and "exit" to be unified.

【学位授予单位】：北京林业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU-02;TU252

【参考文献】