不同尺度乡村生态景观评价与规划方法研究

发布时间：2018-04-12 21:01

本文选题：景观规划 + 生态网络　；参考：《中国农业大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：在中大尺度上合理安排国土空间格局,在小尺度上完善景观格局并开展生态化设计与建设,是生态文明建设的战略与实践需求。乡村景观涵盖了广大的国土范围,是区域乃至国土可持续发展的重要支撑,开展乡村生态景观评价与规划方法研究是推进并实现这一目标的重要途径。本文在市级尺度上从促进多功能发展的角度关注空间格局安排,在村级尺度上辨识乡村生态景观特征并探索建设途径,并结合市级与村级两个尺度的研究经验讨论了建设关键环节。 1)在北京市生态网络规划中,使用生态群概念与方法,将保护目标划分为三类,包括迁徙型鸟类、小型森林鸟类与小型森林哺乳类,以考虑大部分生物的保护需求；生态系统需求、生境面积需求与短距离扩散能力是生态群划分依据的三个指标；生境面积需求作为生境斑块定量化提取的依据,剔除1.15%-42.71%不等的无效生境斑块；短距离扩散能力能作为廊道规划需求的判别阈值；最小费用模型是进行定量化廊道空间规划的有效方式；不同生态群保护的生态网络空间结构差异明显,针对单一物种类型所制定的生态网络难以承担大部分生物的保护需求；结合生态群与最小费用模型进行生态网络规划,能提升生物多样性保护效率。 2)绿色基础设施应综合分析社会经济发展阶段、政策背景与发展战略、政府相关部门的发展诉求、不同学科专家发展意见、多功能空间发展需求几方面开展评价与规划；在上海市从空间格局优化、生物多样性保护、水土安全提升、防灾避险和休闲游憩发展五项核心功能,使用14项评价指标进行多功能评价；同时制定了空间格局区块的发展需求,指导下一尺度绿色基础设施规划与建设的实施；绿色基础设施能有效支持城镇地区的可持续发展规划。 3)在多功能空间规划中,某些地区会比其他地区承担更多的功能类型或功能效用而具有更高的重要性；使用功能数量、功能程度及功能可实施性三个因子共同构建空间重要性评价指标,以辨识不同地区在发挥多功能效用时重要性；功能数量与功能程度的空间分布具有不均匀性,证明了不同地区所能发挥的功能数量与程度存在差异；功能可实施性辨识多功能间的权重系数,尝试考虑多功能相互作用进行空间规划；基于空间重要性进行多功能优先建设区划分,能合理安排规划建设的空间顺序,提升建设所获得的多功能效益。 4)小尺度乡村生态景观划分面状、线状与点状三个景观类型,使用土地利用、土地覆盖、植被结构、景观属性四个数据层进行分层分类,并结合高分辨率遥感影像、野外测绘建立数据库。从景观现状、变化趋势与情景分析进行评价,在大兴、曲周与常熟的村级研究区显示,当前小尺度乡村景观均质化、网格化明显,景观特征逐步消失；防护林带间隔过宽,约80%主林带超过标准,约30%副林带超过标准；防护林残缺断带率达18%-38%；农业基础设施地表硬化成为主要生态环境问题,道路过度硬化率平均值在30%左右；道路沟渠破损突出,近40%田间路与20%的沟渠需要维修；不同地区乡村生态景观现状特征与变化驱动力存在显著差异,大都市周边乡村建设用地扩张压力巨大、地表过度硬化问题明显,快速城镇化地区乡村地表过度硬化问题突出,传统粮食生产区发展较为落后、各种建设形成的负面影响较弱、具有生态景观建设的后发优势；线性植被建设在不增加土地利用压力条件下,能提升乔木覆盖率20%-46%、绿量0.5%-33.68%,成为当前乡村植被建设的优化选择。 5)通过参与式调查与评价,发现农户与规划专家在乡村生态景观规划中具有显著不同的利益诉求；农户所具备的乡土知识能弥补专家知识的不足,完善规划目标制定与规划方案优化；当前乡村生态景观建设的首要需求已经从基础设施建设转变为环境清洁与美化；小尺度生态景观规划设计中,注重从提升当前生态空间的生态系统质量、提高生态用地的生态效益、发挥更多生态系统服务总量、加强生态过程维护与调控角度制定方案；规划设计方案应能平衡生产、生态与生活三方面发展,并保持耕地总量与质量平衡,保障可行性。 6)探索并建立了绿色基础设施要求以及关键环节,以充分考虑不同利益相关者、政策与发展战略对规划的限制与补充；明确了各阶段的主要目标、实施方法与途径,同时简述了工作重点与注意事项；为乡村生态景观规划奠定了基础与借鉴。
[Abstract]:The reasonable arrangement of land spatial pattern in large scale, perfect landscape pattern in small scale and to carry out the design and construction of ecological, strategic and practical needs of the construction of ecological civilization. The rural landscape covers a vast territory, is a regional and national sustainable development important support, to carry out research on the evaluation and planning methods of ecological village the landscape is an important way to promote and achieve this goal. Based on the municipal scale from the perspective of the development of multi function to promote the attention space structure, identification of rural ecological landscape characteristics in the village scale and explore the construction method, and combined with the research experience of municipal and village two scales discussed the key link of the construction.
1) in the ecological network planning in Beijing City, using the group concept and methods of ecological protection objectives, will be divided into three categories, including migratory birds, small forest birds and small forest mammals, to consider the protection requirements of most organisms; ecosystem needs, habitat requirements and short distance dispersal ability is three indicators according to the division of ecological group; habitat area, habitat patches demand as quantitative extraction basis, excluding invalid 1.15%-42.71% patches ranging; short distance dispersal ability as the decision threshold corridor planning requirements; minimum cost model is an effective way to quantify the corridor space planning; ecological difference network spatial structure of different ecological groups to protect the obvious ecological network for single species to bear the protection requirements of most organisms; the combination of ecological groups and the minimum cost model. Ecological network planning can improve the efficiency of biodiversity conservation.
2) the green infrastructure should be a comprehensive analysis of the social and economic development stage, the policy background and development strategy, the development demands of the relevant government departments, experts of different disciplines development views, several aspects of multi-functional space development needs to carry out the evaluation and planning in Shanghai city; from the spatial pattern optimization, biodiversity protection, water security, disaster prevention and the recreational development of the five core functions, the use of 14 indicators of functional evaluation; and formulated the development needs of the spatial pattern of the block, the implementation of green scale infrastructure planning and construction under the guidance of a green infrastructure planning; to support sustainable development in urban areas effectively.
3) in the multi functional space planning, some areas will have greater importance than in other areas of function type or function more; use function quantity, function degree and function implementation of the three factors together to build index evaluation space importance in different area identification in the multifunctional utility function of importance; the number and function of the degree of spatial distribution is not uniform, proved the existence of differences between different regions can play the function of quantity and degree; weight coefficient function can be implement identification among functions, try to consider multi function interaction space planning; space based on importance of multi function priority construction division, to arrange the space order planning and construction, enhance the efficiency of the construction function obtained.
4) small scale rural ecological landscape classification of planar and linear point, three landscape types, the use of land use, land cover, vegetation structure, hierarchical classification of landscape attribute data of four layer, combined with the high resolution remote sensing image, field surveying and mapping database. From the landscape present situation, trend and scenario analysis in the evaluation. Daxing, Quzhou and Changshu village display research area, the small scale of rural landscape homogenization, grid, landscape features gradually disappear; shelterbelt spacing is too wide, about 80% more than the standard main belt, about 30% more than the standard with the assistant belt; rate of 18%-38% fault protection forest incomplete; agricultural infrastructure has become the main surface hardening the ecological environment problems, excessive road hardening rate in the 30% average; the road ditches damaged prominent, nearly 40% field road and 20% ditches need maintenance; rural ecological landscape situation in different regions There are significant differences in driving force characteristics and changes in metropolitan periphery rural construction land expansion pressure, excessive surface hardening is obvious, the rapid urbanization of rural areas over the surface hardening problems, the development of traditional food production area is relatively backward, various construction form negative influence is weak, has the advantage of ecological landscape construction; linear vegetation construction no increase in land use pressure conditions, can improve the tree coverage rate of 20%-46%, the amount of green 0.5%-33.68%, become the current selection and optimization of rural vegetation construction.
5) through participatory investigation and evaluation, planning experts have found that farmers with different interests in the rural ecological landscape planning; lack of farmers with local knowledge can make up of expert knowledge, and make the optimization scheme to improve the planning objectives; primary needs the current rural ecological landscape construction has been changed from the infrastructure construction clean and beautify the environment; small scale ecological landscape planning and design, pay more attention to the quality of the ecological system to improve the current ecological space, improve the ecological benefits of the ecosystem, the ecosystem service total play more, strengthen the ecological maintenance plan and regulation process perspective; planning and design should be able to balance the three aspects of production, ecology and life development. And maintain the land quantity and quality balance, ensure the feasibility.
6) to explore and establish the green infrastructure requirements and key links, to fully consider the different stakeholders, and supplement to the planning restriction policy and development strategy; the main target of each stage, implementation method and the way, at the same time, the focus of the work and the matters needing attention; lay a foundation and reference for rural ecological landscape planning.

【学位授予单位】：中国农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：P901;TU982.29

【参考文献】