典型围合式建筑室内外空气环境特征的研究

发布时间：2018-05-12 12:36

本文选题：围合式建筑 + 庭院　；参考：《东华大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：庭院式建筑(即围合式建筑)是一种具有悠久历史的建筑布局形式。因其围合空间具有较好的自然通风利用潜力,并易于营造相对独立的户外微气候,因而被越来越多地应用在城市现代建筑结构中。许多公共建筑中的庭院被当成中心或主要公共活动场所。经过几十年的不断优化,很多庭院建筑已经能够与当地气候特征进行有机结合以实现充分利用能源和节能的目的。如在北方地区,利用庭院作为防风建筑以及吸收太阳能；而南方气候下,庭院式建筑则可以减少太阳辐射并有效地降低庭院内和室内平均气温。然而,在冬季寒冷气候条件下,围合式建筑所具有的自然通风优势是否会造成冬季室内通风热损失过大；在为人们户外活动需求营造出良好庭院微气候的同时,是否有足够的能力移走内部污染物。这些问题是围合式建筑的节能效应能否充分发挥的关键。为此本文针对围合式建筑室内外空气环境特征展开了实测与数值模拟研究,同时对非围合式建筑(行列式布局)也进行了对比实测与数值计算分析。本文先针对具有高人员密度特征的高校宿舍建筑,对非围合式建筑的冬季和夏季室内空气品质和热舒适状况进行了长时间现场实测和调查。在这一基础上,分别对围合式建筑与非围合式建筑的室内空气环境进行了对比测量。结果表明,相同室外气象条件下,围合式建筑的房间通风量大于非围合式建筑,因而降低了围合式建筑冬季非供暖房间对太阳能的利用效果；但在高人员密度房间中,这虽然导致了较低的室内气温,但另一方面却改善了室内空气品质。通过对不同的围合式庭院空气环境的实测分析发现,若围合式建筑中设置有空调系统,则空调房间在夏、冬两季渗透出的冷空气或热空气对庭院空气环境和通风量的影响明显。特别是供暖季节,即使在微风情况下,本文实测结果均表明,热浮力诱导的庭院通风量大约相当于室外背景风速为4.5～5.9m/s时形成的风压通风量,因此,可以有效地避免污染物在庭院内的滞留和积聚；同时,由于庭院内气温高于环境空气温度,可使实测建筑的围护结构热损失减少11%～20%。自然通风对庭院热环境的影响在不同的窗户开闭和太阳辐射条件下效果不同,合理控制窗户开启状态可有效改善庭院内热环境的舒适性。根据围合式建筑的结构特点,本文利用数值方法对建筑庭院内的气流流动和污染物浓度分布进行了不稳态和稳态数值模拟,以考查其基本规律和特征,并以行列式建筑为基准,分析和比较了不同风向时,围合式建筑形式对污染物扩散的影响。结果表明,对于不稳态过程,污染源散发期间,围合式建筑比行列式建筑附近污染物浓度高,但污染物停止散发后,前者迅速衰减而后者衰减较慢。不同于行列式布局,围合式建筑庭院内污染物浓度对背景风向的变化不敏感。稳态条件下,大多数风向时,庭院下部区域的排污能力与行列式布局基本相当,且庭院上部空间的排污能力好于行列式布局；降低庭院进口的开口高度对庭院内2m以下空间空气品质的影响较小。由于减小庭院进口面积可使庭院微气候的独立性更好,因此,庭院建筑采用高度较低的进口(即交通口),比高开口更易与当地气候特征相结合,缓解庭院微气候独立性与空气品质对通风量要求恰好相反的矛盾；同时发现,庭院迎风面开口的高度对庭院内污染物浓度随建筑高度增大的幅度并无实质性影响。
[Abstract]:Courtyard architecture (enclosure Architecture) is a kind of architectural layout with a long history. Because its enclosure space has good natural ventilation potential and is easy to create relatively independent outdoor microclimate, it is used more and more in modern urban architecture. The courtyard in many public buildings is regarded as the center or Major public places. After decades of continuous optimization, many courtyard buildings have been able to combine with local climate features to make full use of energy and energy conservation. In the north, courtyards are used as windbreaks and solar energy; and in the southern climate, courtyards can reduce the sun. Radiation and effectively reduce indoor and indoor air temperature.
However, under the cold weather conditions in winter, whether the natural ventilation advantages of the enclosed buildings will cause excessive heat loss in the indoor air in winter, and whether there is enough ability to remove the internal pollutants while creating a good courtyard microclimate for the people's outdoor activities. These problems are energy saving effects of the enclosed buildings. In this paper, the measurement and numerical simulation of the indoor and outdoor air environment characteristics of the enclosed building are studied, and the non enclosed building (the determinant layout) is also compared with the measured and numerical analysis.
In this paper, a long time field measurement and investigation on indoor air quality and thermal comfort of non perinatal buildings in college dormitories with high personnel density are conducted in this paper. On this basis, the indoor air environment of enclosed buildings and non enclosed buildings is compared and measured. Under the same outdoor weather conditions, the ventilation volume of the enclosed building is greater than that of the non enclosed building, thus reducing the utilization effect of the non heating room in the enclosed building in winter, but in the high density room, this leads to lower indoor air temperature, but on the other hand it improves the indoor air quality.
Through the measurement and analysis of the different enclosed courtyard air environment, it is found that if the air conditioning system is set in the enclosed building, the cold air or hot air permeated in the two quarter of the air-conditioned room has obvious influence on the air environment and ventilation in the courtyard. Especially in the heating season, even in the case of breeze, the results of this paper all show that The yard ventilation induced by thermal buoyancy is approximately equal to the air pressure ventilation of 4.5 ~ 5.9m/s of the outdoor background wind. Therefore, it can effectively avoid the retention and accumulation of pollutants in the courtyard. At the same time, the heat loss of the built enclosure structure can be reduced by 11% to 20%. because the temperature in the courtyard is higher than the ambient air temperature. The effect of wind on the thermal environment of the courtyard is different under the conditions of opening and closing the windows and the conditions of solar radiation. The reasonable control of the opening of the window can effectively improve the comfort of the thermal environment in the courtyard.
According to the structural characteristics of the enclosed building, the numerical simulation of the flow of air flow and the distribution of pollutant concentration in the courtyard is numerically simulated in this paper to examine its basic laws and characteristics, and to analyze and compare the diffusion of pollutants in the form of enclosed buildings on the basis of the determinant architecture. The results show that, for the unstable process, the concentration of pollutants in the enclosed building is higher than that of the determinant, but the former attenuates quickly and the latter attenuates slowly. The concentration of contaminants in the enclosed building courtyard is not sensitive to the change of the background wind direction.
In the steady state, the discharge capacity of the lower part of the courtyard is basically equal to the determinant layout in most wind directions, and the discharge capacity of the upper courtyard space is better than the layout of the determinant. Reducing the opening height of the courtyard entrance has little effect on the air quality below the 2m space in the courtyard. As a result, the courtyard architecture uses a relatively low level of import (that is, the port of traffic), which is more easily combined with the local climate characteristics than the high opening, alleviating the opposite contradiction between the independence of the courtyard and the air quality requirements for the air quality; and it is found that the height of the opening of the courtyard on the windward surface of the courtyard is higher with the building. There is no substantial effect on the magnitude of the increase.

【学位授予单位】：东华大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU83

【参考文献】