北京市使用天然石材放射性水平调查及风险评估

发布时间：2018-08-03 10:22

【摘要】：由于天然石材装饰效果高贵、华丽、纯朴、自然，近年来越来越多的被用来进行家居、办公、娱乐等场所的环境装饰。但是天然石材具有放射性，造成室内的污染，，损害人们的健康，北京市目前对石材建材的合理规范及安全性没有明文规定和安全评估数据库。为此，本文针对北京市公众对天然石材放射性的认知程度和辐射防护意识水平进行现场调研，对北京市天然石材放射性核素以及氡析出率进行实地测量和分析，并进行风险评估，进而提出相应的防护措施和指导性建议，具有重大的意义。本文首先对北京市石材市场做初步的调研，通过对比、搜集相关文献，抽样选取北京市居民、石材市场工作人员进行问卷调查，获取北京市公众对天然石材放射性的认知程度以及防护意识水平。其次，通过实地调查和抽样选取天然石材样品进行放射性核素以及氡析出率检测，确定北京市天然石材的放射性水平。最后利用层次分析法在危险源、人、管理、环境等方面详细考查北京市某石材市场的风险影响因素并进行风险评估。根据问卷调查的结果显示，北京市石材工作人员和居民对天然石材的放射性认知程度以及防护意识水平较低。对石材放射性水平的调查测试的结果显示，19种抽查的石材样品中有3种是B类石材，非A类石材率为15.8%，低于全国的平均水平；另外，人均年有效剂量估算中有4种石材超过了1mSv/a，需要限制使用。根据氡浓度和析出率的测定结果显示：天然石材氡的析出率以及室内氡浓度与许多因素有关，不同种类的石材氡析出率不同，在北京市抽查测试的样品中，平均氡析出率为2.0410-3Bq/m2·s。通过本次的实地调查和测试，经过分析发现不同种类的石材以及石材的颜色深浅都影响氡浓度的大小和析出率，南方地区的石材辐射性较大，颜色深的石材危害性较大。然而北京却对有关石材辐射性危害的知识普及和培训力度不够，相应的政府部门也未对其进行严格的管理和监督，导致人们对石材辐射危害的轻视，这才是造成人员身体伤害的一个重大隐患，希望本次研究能够对相关政府部门完善天然石材市场的放射性监管工作起到一定的指导和促进作用。
[Abstract]:Because of natural stone decoration effect noble, gorgeous, simple, natural, in recent years, more and more used for home, office, entertainment and other places of environmental decoration. However, natural stone materials are radioactive, causing indoor pollution and harming people's health. At present, there is no clear regulation and safety database for the reasonable specification and safety of stone building materials in Beijing. Therefore, based on the field investigation of the public's cognition of natural stone radioactivity and the level of radiation protection consciousness, the field measurement and analysis of the radionuclide and radon exhalation rate of Beijing natural stone materials are carried out in this paper. It is of great significance to carry out risk assessment and put forward corresponding protective measures and guiding suggestions. First of all, this paper makes a preliminary survey on the stone market in Beijing, through comparison, collecting relevant documents, sampling Beijing residents, stone market staff to carry out a questionnaire survey. To obtain the level of awareness and awareness of natural stone radioactivity among the public in Beijing. Secondly, the radionuclide and radon exhalation rate of natural stone samples are determined by field investigation and sampling. Finally, the risk factors of a stone market in Beijing are investigated and evaluated by AHP in the aspects of risk source, people, management, environment and so on. According to the results of questionnaire survey, the level of radioactive cognition and protection consciousness of stone workers and residents in Beijing are low. The results of the investigation and test of the radioactive level of the stone materials show that 3 of the 19 samples of stone samples are B stone, and the rate of non-A stone is 15.8, which is lower than the average level of the whole country; in addition, Four species of stone in the per capita annual effective dose estimate exceed 1 mSv / a and need to be restricted. According to the determination of radon concentration and exhalation rate, the results show that the radon exhalation rate of natural stone materials and indoor radon concentration are related to many factors. The radon exhalation rate of different kinds of stone materials is different. The average radon exhalation rate of samples tested in Beijing is 2.0410-3Bq/m2 s. Through the field investigation and test, it is found that the different kinds of stone and the color of stone have influence on the radon concentration and exhalation rate. However, Beijing does not have enough knowledge and training on the radiation hazards of stone materials, and the corresponding government departments have not carried out strict management and supervision of them, which has led to people's contempt for the radiation hazards of stone materials. This is a major hidden danger of human body injury. I hope this study can guide and promote the relevant government departments to improve the radioactive supervision of natural stone market.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学（北京）
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU521.2;X591

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