室内外细颗粒物污染及空气净化

发布时间：2018-10-24 06:47

【摘要】：目前,大气细颗粒物污染已经成为国内外气溶胶研究的热点。大气细颗粒物的来源非常复杂,很容易吸附空气中的有毒重金属、酸性氧化物、有机污染物等。我国对PM2.5污染特征、健康效应和来源分析及净化技术还需要进行系统研究。因此,为了了解细颗粒物的理化特征以及相关净化技术对室内外PM2.5的去除效果,本论文利用颗粒物空气采样器和便携式测定仪对城市个别地点PM2.5进行测定和采样,研究采样点细颗粒物污染特征和时空变化规律,围绕PM2.5的化学物质组成和分析方法、天气变化、风险评价和来源以及净化器等净化技术对室内细颗粒物污染的净化效果几个方面进行研究,结果表明： (1)便携式测定仪方便实用,经过一分钟抽吸空气,污染浓度直接显示在显示屏上结果发现大连市测试点室内空气存在突出的室内PM2.5污染问题,分析其主要来源是餐饮和交通废气；PM2.5浓度在一天内波动很大,气象因素起主导作用,开窗换气条件下,气象条件对实验点室内PM2.5浓度影响较大。使用中流量100L/min采样器采样18h以上,经过恒温恒湿后称重测定采样期间的PM2.5污染物平均浓度。春季采样测得PM2.5浓度值在93-117μg/m3范围内,夏季采样在40-114gg/m3范围内,存在严重超标现象。 (2) PAHs主要以气、固两种形式存在于空气中,其中固态主要是吸附在细颗粒物颗粒上,利用玻璃纤维滤膜和聚氨酯泡沫(PUF)对打印机室内PAHs及室外工业污染源区采样点进行采样分析,发现室外样品PM2.5上16种PAHs总量是1797ng/m3,PUF上16种PAHs总量是799ng/m3。颗粒物上PAHs高于空气中气态PAHs,其中菲是PM2.5上含量最多的一种PAHs,为1371ng/m3,占所测固态PAHs总量的76%;而苯并(a)蒽是气态PAHs上含量最多的一种PAHs,为160ng/m3,占气态PAHs总量的43%。 (3)采用某品牌净化器可显著降低室内空气污染。开机半小时甲醛从0.130ppm降为0.096ppm,去除率达到26%,开机1h甲醛从0.130ppm降为0.081ppm,去除率达到37.7%；开机净化1h内使PM2.5从88μg/m3降为8-9μg/m3,去除率达到89.8%-91%,对细颗粒物具有较高的去除率。 (4)利用聚吡咯的导电性,对无纺布进行改性,制成新型导电膜,并以其作为负极,以不锈钢网作为正极,利用小型电源设置1V、2V、5V、10V、20V这5种实验电压,通过控制流量,分别比较干燥改性膜和湿润改性膜在上述条件下对PM2.5的去除率,发现湿润改性膜PM2.5去除率略高与干燥改性膜PM2.5去除率,达到90%左右；低流量下PM2.5去除率大于高流量下PM2.5去除率；高电压下PM2.5去除率高于低电压下PM2.5去除率,但不同流量下达到高PM2.5去除率的电压值略有不同。利用这种新材料设计的PM2.5去除装备,可以为保护人们健康提供一种新的产品选择。
[Abstract]:At present, atmospheric fine particle pollution has become a hot spot in aerosol research at home and abroad. The sources of atmospheric fine particles are very complex, and it is easy to adsorb toxic heavy metals, acid oxides, organic pollutants and so on. PM2.5 pollution characteristics, health effects and source analysis and purification techniques need to be systematically studied in China. Therefore, in order to understand the physical and chemical characteristics of fine particles and the removal effect of indoor and outdoor PM2.5 by relevant purification techniques, this paper uses particulate air sampler and portable instrument to measure and sample PM2.5 in individual urban locations. The pollution characteristics and temporal and spatial variation of fine particles in sampling sites were studied. The chemical composition and analysis method of PM2.5 and the weather change were studied. Risk assessment, source and purifying technology, such as purifier, were studied in several aspects of purifying indoor fine particulate pollution. The results showed that: (1) the portable measuring instrument is convenient and practical, after one minute to draw air, The pollution concentration was directly displayed on the display screen. The results showed that there was a prominent indoor PM2.5 pollution problem in the indoor air of the test site in Dalian, and the main sources of the pollution were food and beverage and traffic waste gas. The concentration of PM2.5 fluctuated greatly in one day. The meteorological factors play a leading role. Under the condition of opening windows and exchanging air, the meteorological conditions have a great influence on the indoor PM2.5 concentration of the experimental sites. The average concentration of PM2.5 contaminants during sampling period was measured by weighing after constant temperature and humidity after sampling with 100L/min sampler with medium flow rate for more than 18 hours. The concentration of PM2.5 was measured in the range of 93-117 渭 g/m3 in spring and in 40-114gg/m3 in summer. (2) PAHs mainly exists in air in the form of gas and solid, in which the solid is mainly adsorbed on fine particles. Glass fiber filter membrane and polyurethane foam (PUF) were used to sample the indoor PAHs of printer and the sampling point of outdoor industrial pollution source area. It was found that the total amount of 16 kinds of PAHs on outdoor sample PM2.5 was 1797ng / m3PUF and the total amount of 16 kinds of PAHs on PM2.5 was 799ng / m3. The PAHs of particulate matter was higher than that of gaseous PAHs, in air. The PAHs, of phenanthrene on PM2.5 was 1371 ng / m3, which accounted for 76% of the total amount of solid PAHs, while benzo (a) anthracene was the most abundant PAHs, on gaseous PAHs, which accounted for 43% of the total amount of PAHs in gaseous state. (3) Indoor air pollution can be significantly reduced by using a certain brand of purifier. The formaldehyde content was reduced from 0.130ppm to 0.096 ppm for half an hour, and the removal rate was 26ppm.The formaldehyde level decreased from 0.130ppm to 0.081ppmat 1h, and the removal rate reached 37.7ppm. PM2.5 was reduced from 88 渭 g/m3 to 8 ~ 9 渭 g / m ~ (3) in one hour, and the removal rate was 89.8-91.It has a high removal rate for fine particles. (4) by using the conductivity of polypyrrole, the non-woven fabric was modified to make a new conductive film, which was used as negative electrode. Using stainless steel net as positive electrode, the 5 experimental voltages of 1V / 2V / 5V / 10V / 10V / 20V were set by using a small power supply. By controlling the flow rate, the removal rate of PM2.5 was compared between the dry modified film and the wetted modified film under the above conditions, respectively. It was found that the removal rate of PM2.5 of wet modified membrane was slightly higher than that of dry modified membrane, the removal rate of PM2.5 reached 90%, the removal rate of PM2.5 at low flow rate was higher than that of PM2.5 under high flow rate, and the removal rate of PM2.5 at high voltage was higher than that of PM2.5 at low voltage. However, the voltage value of high PM2.5 removal rate is slightly different with different flow rate. The PM2.5 removal equipment designed with this new material can provide a new product choice for protecting people's health.
【学位授予单位】：大连理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X51;TU834.8

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