城市绿道网络识别、评价与优化
发布时间：2019-06-02 14:53
【摘要】：本研究为应对在快速城市化背景下所造成的城市环境与发展问题,对城市绿道网络进行了功能定位、识别、评价与优化,得到如下结论。 (1)在绿道网络识别方法中,对于生态功能绿道识别,不同于以往最小阻力模型与网络分析模型方法,本研究采用生态服务价值、生物多样性指数来改进阻力面的构成,提出了基于生态过程最小阻力网络识别模型,能够弥补以往在绿道识别中阻力面较多关注土地利用类型及地形地貌特征的不足,从而使得识别出的生态功能绿道网络在体现城市环境与生态流区域扩散表现具有较强的真实性与可靠性。对于防灾功能与游憩功能绿道网络的识别,不同于以往网络分析模型,本研究利用基于网络分析模型的绿道网络多情景识别方法,弥补了以往网络分析模型在综合考虑道路廊道等级、道路廊道安全性以及道路廊道附近人口密度因素对防灾功能与游憩功能的影响考虑的不足,可以在识别不同人群、不同出行方式的绿道网络得出良好的效果。 通过以上两种模型最终识别出生态功能、防灾功能与游憩功能绿道网络。其中生态功能绿道网络呈现出城市中心稀疏城市郊区较为密集的特点,形成了以汉江沿江绿地、龟山、蛇山、马鞍山、九峰山一线的横轴绿道,以及长江沿江绿地公园；严西湖、东湖、南湖三大城市湖泊所围绕的两大纵轴绿道网络一起构成了武汉市主城区的绿道网络的主要框架。防灾与游憩功能绿道网络两种功能绿道整体分布均呈现了城市中心密集,城市郊区较为稀疏的特点,在局部分布中体现了在公共服务设施与居民点周围的分布较为密集的特征。同时,由于防灾功能绿道网络进行了安全评价,所以防灾功能绿道网络在中心城区的分布有所减少。 (2)在绿道网络评价方法中,以往的研究中,绿道网络廊道评价中更多利用景观指数等方法来评价廊道在整体网络中的空间结构连接特征,未考虑其自身在整体网络中的质量特征,节点评价中只考虑最近距离的成本,绿地大小、类型以及质量等特征。本研究运用基于成本距离改进重力模型的网络流量测度方法对绿道网络中的廊道在不同功能下的重要性进行评价,同时在绿道网络节点评价中,运用网络流量改进与基于网络可达概率改进的网络节点中心度和供需比指数进行评价。利用流概念弥补了以往研究中较多运用空间结构关系对廊道与节点评价的不足,在绿道网络廊道与节点评价中取得了较好的结果。 评价结果显示：各功能绿道网络整体结构显示出了廊道网络中环路数量偏少,节点连接数少,间断式连接为主,节点孤立化、点状化与平面化问题突出。 廊道评价中,生态功能绿道网络的高功能流廊道由于城市内部人类影响,在城市内部分布相对比较集中,主要趋近于生态用地,而在郊区由于生态条件较好,则高功能流廊道的分布较为分散。防灾功能绿道网络中廊道,随着救灾与避难方式可达程度的提高,其廊道流量呈现出离散的分布特征,反之则表现出局部集中的分布特征。游憩功能绿道网络中的廊道,在日常与周末的出行方式中,呈现出了江南与江北的差异,江北主要集中在长江与汉江交汇地区,而江南则主要集中在环东湖区域,同时周末廊道流量较日常廊道流量集聚分布更加明显。 节点评价中,从空间分布特征来看,生态功能节点中,高中心度节节点主要集中在郊区东湖东南部的马鞍山与九峰山一带,而在局部地区例如中心城区江滩绿地出现了中心城区核心绿地生态功能节点。防灾功能节点中,郊区绿地节点的避难供需比好于城市中心的绿地节点,随着距离城市中心距离的增大,供需比也随之增大,但老年人避难的供需比则出现了局部最优的特征。在救灾节点中,则出现了与避难节点分布特征相反的特点,主要表现出了城市内部节点的救灾供需比好于郊区绿地节点,对于不同出行方式的救灾供需比来讲,可达性越好则供需比越低,呈现出平均全局离散分布特征,而在可达性较差的情况下,则出现了高供需比临近局部集聚特征。游憩功能节点中,高供需比节点呈现出江北沿江,江南环湖的特点,这一特点与生态功能高中心度节点具有类似的分布特征。 从数量特征来看,避难节点主城区供需比均值大于1,整体表现了较好的避难效果,但分区节点供需比则体现了江汉区、武昌区与青山区供需比小于1无法满足避难需求的特征。救灾节点中,消防与物资功能救灾的全局与分区供需比小于1,说明这两种救灾方式供需不足,而医疗与公安功能救灾的大于1,尤其医疗供需比大于4,表现出了医疗防灾供需能力较高,公安救灾能力相对较好的特点。游憩节点在日常的供需比均大于1,表现出了日常游憩较好的供需关系,而周末游憩节点的供需比小于1,周末游憩的压力较大,绿道网络节点无法满足要求。 (3)在绿道网络优化中,针对城市建设资金、土地资源相对紧张,新建绿道实施性较难的特点。在以往绿道网络优化研究中只注重网络空间结构的密集性,但是忽略了网络流量密集性的特征。本文利用优先性保护原则,并基于绿道网络流量改进的加权核密度网络优化模型对现有理想网络中流量等级高,空间结构紧凑的绿道网络进行提取,并对绿道网络中不能形成有效回路的廊道进行优化,从而对整体的绿道网络,进行分功能分层次的网络优化整合提取。同时也为今后的绿道网络建设的近中远期的目标提出了具有可实施性的策略。 通过优化,本研究识别了三种单功能绿道网络与综合网络,一共七个绿道网络预案组成,对应了3个层次的需求与建设时间。其中综合绿道集成了生态、防灾与游憩三种功能的基本需求,构成了武汉市主城区的绿道基础设施,其整体形态类似一个展翅飞翔的风筝,而所识别出的综合绿道又可分为：水系绿道、山体绿道以及道路绿道。水系绿道主要指沿长江与汉江分布的绿道,是本研究区内最重要的绿道,这些水系绿道作为本研究区的绿道结构基础,将整个绿道连接成一个完整而联系的绿道系统,连接了严西湖、东湖、沙湖以及南湖的绿道不仅连接了主要的风景绿地,同时作为连接防灾绿地节点与重要的动植物生境,也具有十分重要的地位,而在这些绿道中构建湖泊的植被缓冲地带,不仅可以防止湖泊被城市发展进一步蚕食,同时对于减少湖泊面源污染也具有积极的作用。山体绿道则主要由主城区东西向森林斑块构成,形成了插入城市的强大绿楔。道路绿道则包括了主要环线与东西向干道,这些道路绿道连接了主要的防灾与游憩绿地节点。 根据最终的综合绿道优化结果所显示的沿江近湖依山的特点,本文提出了绿核、绿心、绿道相结合的适用于与武汉市具有山水相间特征的城市绿道规划,并且结合城市滨水空间,慢行交通以及以人文本的城市绿道网络规划实施策略,对武汉市城市绿道网络的实施提供了具体的方案。这样可以利用原有自然条件的优越性和现有道路线性空间的延展性来增加以绿道形式所体现的城市绿色开敞空间来改善城市环境,缓解人地关系矛盾,增强城市可持续发展能力。
[Abstract]:In order to deal with the problems of urban environment and development in the context of rapid urbanization, this paper has carried on the function positioning, identification, evaluation and optimization of the urban green road network, and got the following conclusions. (1) In the green road network identification method, for the green channel identification of the ecological function, the method is different from the prior minimum resistance model and the network analysis model method, and the method adopts the ecological service value and the biological diversity index to improve the structure of the resistance surface. In this paper, a network identification model based on the minimum resistance of the ecological process is put forward, which can make up for the problems of the land-use type and the feature of the landforms in the past in the green road recognition. so that the identified ecological function green road network has strong authenticity and reliability in the regional diffusion performance of the urban environment and the ecological flow region, for the identification of the disaster prevention function and the green road network of the recreation function, different from the previous network analysis model, the present study makes up the multi-scene identification method of the green road network based on the network analysis model, The lack of the safety of the road corridor, the safety of the road corridor and the influence of the population density on the function of the disaster prevention and the recreation in the vicinity of the road corridor can result in a good effect in identifying the green road network of different people and different modes of travel through the two models, the ecological function, the disaster prevention function and the recreation function green are finally identified, The ecological function green road network, in which the green road network of the ecological function shows the dense characteristics of the urban central sparse urban suburbs, forms the horizontal and green channels along the Yangtze River, the tortoise and the mountain, the snake mountain, the Ma On Shan, the Jiufeng Mountain, and the green space park along the Yangtze River along the Yangtze River, and the West Lake The two main longitudinal green road networks, which are surrounded by the lakes of the three big cities of the East Lake and the South Lake, together form the main road network of the main urban area of Wuhan The overall distribution of the two functions of the green road network of the function of disaster prevention and recreation is the characteristic of the dense urban center and the sparse in the suburbs of the city. The distribution of the public service facilities and the residential area is more intensive in the local distribution. Meanwhile, because of the safety evaluation of the disaster prevention function green road network, the distribution of the disaster prevention function green road network in the central urban area (2) In the evaluation method of the green road network, in the past research, the landscape index and other methods are used in the evaluation of the green road network corridor to evaluate the spatial structure connection characteristics of the corridor in the whole network, the quality characteristics of the nearest distance, the size and the type of the green space are only taken into account in the node evaluation; In this study, the importance of the corridor in the green road network under different functions is evaluated by the method of network flow measurement based on the improved gravity model based on the cost distance, and at the same time, the network traffic measurement method based on the gravity model of the cost distance improves the importance of the corridor in the green road network under different functions, In the node evaluation, the network flow improvement and the network node center degree and the supply and demand ratio that are improved based on the network reachable probability are used to refer to The number is evaluated. The flow concept is used to make up the deficiency of the relationship between the spatial structure and the evaluation of the corridor and the node in the previous studies, and it has been made in the green road network corridor and the node evaluation. The results show that the whole structure of each functional green road network shows that the number of loops in the corridor network is small, the number of nodes is small, the intermittent connection is the main, the node is isolated, and the point-like connection is the same. In the evaluation of the corridor, the high function flow corridor of the green road network of the ecological function is relatively centralized in the urban internal distribution due to the internal human influence in the city, which is mainly close to the ecological land, while in the suburbs, because the ecological conditions are better, the high-function flow The distribution of the corridor is more dispersed. The corridor in the green road network of the disaster prevention function has a discrete distribution characteristic along with the improvement of the disaster relief and the refuge mode, and vice versa. The distribution characteristics of the local concentration. The corridor in the green road network of the recreation function shows the difference between the south and the north of the Yangtze River in the daily and weekend modes. The main focus of Jiangbei is in the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang River, while the Jiangnan is the main To focus on the East Lake region of the ring, the flow of the gallery at the end of the weekend is higher than that of the daily gallery The cluster distribution is more obvious. In the node evaluation, from the spatial distribution characteristics, the nodes of the high-center node in the ecological function node mainly focus on the Ma On Shan and the Jiufeng Mountain area in the south-east of the suburb of the suburb, while in the local area, for example, the central city of Jiangtan green space in the central urban area In the disaster prevention function node, the refuge supply and demand ratio of the suburban green space node is better than that of the urban center. With the increase of the distance from the center of the city center, the supply and demand ratio also increases, but the supply and demand ratio of the old people to seek refuge in the disaster relief node, the characteristic that the distribution characteristic of the refuge node is opposite is found, the disaster relief supply and demand ratio of the urban internal node is better than that of the suburban green space node, and for the disaster relief supply and demand ratio of different modes of travel, The better the accessibility, the lower the supply and demand ratio, and the average global discrete distribution characteristics, while in the case of poor accessibility, high The supply and demand ratio is close to the local agglomeration feature. In the recreation function node, the high supply and demand ratio node presents the characteristics of the Yangtze River and the Jiangnan ring lake, and this feature is very central to the ecological function. The node has similar distribution characteristics. In terms of the quantitative characteristics, the supply and demand ratio of the main urban area of the refuge node is more than 1, and the overall performance has better refuge effect. However, the supply and demand ratio of the division node reflects the supply and demand ratio of the Jianghan District, the Wuchang District and the Qingshan District. In the disaster relief node, the global and regional supply and demand ratio of the disaster relief of fire and material functions is less than 1, which indicates that the supply and demand of the two kinds of disaster relief methods are insufficient, and the medical and public security function disaster relief is more than 1, especially the medical supply and demand ratio is greater than 4. the medical disaster prevention and demand capability is high, The characteristics of the public security disaster relief ability are relatively good. The daily supply and demand ratio of the recreation node is more than 1, and the demand and demand relationship of the daily recreation is shown, and the demand and demand ratio of the recreation node at the weekend is less than 1, and the pressure of the recreation at the end of the weekend is relatively large and (3) in the optimization of the green road network, the land resources are opposite to the urban construction funds and the land resources, in that prior green road network optimization research, only the dense nature of the network spatial structure is paid attention to, In this paper, the priority protection principle is used to extract the green channel network with high traffic class and compact space in the existing ideal network based on the improved weighted kernel density network optimization model of the green channel network traffic, and the green channel network the corridor of the effective circuit can not be formed to be optimized so as to carry out the whole green road network, The network optimization of the sub-functional sub-hierarchy is integrated and extracted. At the same time, it also provides a near future for the construction of the green road network in the future. The objective of this study is to put forward a strategy with implementability. Through optimization, this study identified three single-function green road network and integrated network, and the total number of seven green road network plan groups The integrated green road integrates the basic needs of three functions of ecology, disaster prevention and recreation, and forms a green road infrastructure in the main urban area of Wuhan. The identified comprehensive green road can also be divided into In order to: the water system green road, the mountain green road and the road green road, the water system green road mainly refers to the green road along the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang distribution, which is the most important green road in the study area. The green road system is connected with the west lake, the east lake, the sand lake and the green road of the south lake not only connected with the main landscape green space, but also as a connection disaster prevention green space node and an important plant and plant habitat, and also has a very important position, The vegetation buffer zone of the lake is constructed in the green channels, not only can prevent the lake from being further eaten by the urban development, but also in ord to reduce that pollution of the non-point source of the lake, it also has a positive effect, and the green road of the mountain is mainly composed of the east-west forest of the main urban area The patch is a powerful green wedge to be inserted into the city. The road green road includes the main loop line and the east-west main road, which The main disaster prevention and recreation green space node is connected with the green road. According to the characteristics of the near lake in the river along the Yangtze River as shown in the final comprehensive green road optimization result, this paper puts forward the combination of the green core, the green heart and the green road, and it has the characteristics of the landscape and the landscape in Wuhan. Urban green road planning, combined with urban waterfront space, slow-line traffic, and urban green-track network planning implementation strategy based on human text, The implementation of the urban green road network in the Han city provides a specific scheme. This can use the advantages of the original natural conditions and the extension of the linear space of the existing road to increase the green open space of the city, which is embodied in the form of green road, to improve the urban environment and slow down.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU985.2
本文编号：2491192
[Abstract]:In order to deal with the problems of urban environment and development in the context of rapid urbanization, this paper has carried on the function positioning, identification, evaluation and optimization of the urban green road network, and got the following conclusions. (1) In the green road network identification method, for the green channel identification of the ecological function, the method is different from the prior minimum resistance model and the network analysis model method, and the method adopts the ecological service value and the biological diversity index to improve the structure of the resistance surface. In this paper, a network identification model based on the minimum resistance of the ecological process is put forward, which can make up for the problems of the land-use type and the feature of the landforms in the past in the green road recognition. so that the identified ecological function green road network has strong authenticity and reliability in the regional diffusion performance of the urban environment and the ecological flow region, for the identification of the disaster prevention function and the green road network of the recreation function, different from the previous network analysis model, the present study makes up the multi-scene identification method of the green road network based on the network analysis model, The lack of the safety of the road corridor, the safety of the road corridor and the influence of the population density on the function of the disaster prevention and the recreation in the vicinity of the road corridor can result in a good effect in identifying the green road network of different people and different modes of travel through the two models, the ecological function, the disaster prevention function and the recreation function green are finally identified, The ecological function green road network, in which the green road network of the ecological function shows the dense characteristics of the urban central sparse urban suburbs, forms the horizontal and green channels along the Yangtze River, the tortoise and the mountain, the snake mountain, the Ma On Shan, the Jiufeng Mountain, and the green space park along the Yangtze River along the Yangtze River, and the West Lake The two main longitudinal green road networks, which are surrounded by the lakes of the three big cities of the East Lake and the South Lake, together form the main road network of the main urban area of Wuhan The overall distribution of the two functions of the green road network of the function of disaster prevention and recreation is the characteristic of the dense urban center and the sparse in the suburbs of the city. The distribution of the public service facilities and the residential area is more intensive in the local distribution. Meanwhile, because of the safety evaluation of the disaster prevention function green road network, the distribution of the disaster prevention function green road network in the central urban area (2) In the evaluation method of the green road network, in the past research, the landscape index and other methods are used in the evaluation of the green road network corridor to evaluate the spatial structure connection characteristics of the corridor in the whole network, the quality characteristics of the nearest distance, the size and the type of the green space are only taken into account in the node evaluation; In this study, the importance of the corridor in the green road network under different functions is evaluated by the method of network flow measurement based on the improved gravity model based on the cost distance, and at the same time, the network traffic measurement method based on the gravity model of the cost distance improves the importance of the corridor in the green road network under different functions, In the node evaluation, the network flow improvement and the network node center degree and the supply and demand ratio that are improved based on the network reachable probability are used to refer to The number is evaluated. The flow concept is used to make up the deficiency of the relationship between the spatial structure and the evaluation of the corridor and the node in the previous studies, and it has been made in the green road network corridor and the node evaluation. The results show that the whole structure of each functional green road network shows that the number of loops in the corridor network is small, the number of nodes is small, the intermittent connection is the main, the node is isolated, and the point-like connection is the same. In the evaluation of the corridor, the high function flow corridor of the green road network of the ecological function is relatively centralized in the urban internal distribution due to the internal human influence in the city, which is mainly close to the ecological land, while in the suburbs, because the ecological conditions are better, the high-function flow The distribution of the corridor is more dispersed. The corridor in the green road network of the disaster prevention function has a discrete distribution characteristic along with the improvement of the disaster relief and the refuge mode, and vice versa. The distribution characteristics of the local concentration. The corridor in the green road network of the recreation function shows the difference between the south and the north of the Yangtze River in the daily and weekend modes. The main focus of Jiangbei is in the intersection of the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang River, while the Jiangnan is the main To focus on the East Lake region of the ring, the flow of the gallery at the end of the weekend is higher than that of the daily gallery The cluster distribution is more obvious. In the node evaluation, from the spatial distribution characteristics, the nodes of the high-center node in the ecological function node mainly focus on the Ma On Shan and the Jiufeng Mountain area in the south-east of the suburb of the suburb, while in the local area, for example, the central city of Jiangtan green space in the central urban area In the disaster prevention function node, the refuge supply and demand ratio of the suburban green space node is better than that of the urban center. With the increase of the distance from the center of the city center, the supply and demand ratio also increases, but the supply and demand ratio of the old people to seek refuge in the disaster relief node, the characteristic that the distribution characteristic of the refuge node is opposite is found, the disaster relief supply and demand ratio of the urban internal node is better than that of the suburban green space node, and for the disaster relief supply and demand ratio of different modes of travel, The better the accessibility, the lower the supply and demand ratio, and the average global discrete distribution characteristics, while in the case of poor accessibility, high The supply and demand ratio is close to the local agglomeration feature. In the recreation function node, the high supply and demand ratio node presents the characteristics of the Yangtze River and the Jiangnan ring lake, and this feature is very central to the ecological function. The node has similar distribution characteristics. In terms of the quantitative characteristics, the supply and demand ratio of the main urban area of the refuge node is more than 1, and the overall performance has better refuge effect. However, the supply and demand ratio of the division node reflects the supply and demand ratio of the Jianghan District, the Wuchang District and the Qingshan District. In the disaster relief node, the global and regional supply and demand ratio of the disaster relief of fire and material functions is less than 1, which indicates that the supply and demand of the two kinds of disaster relief methods are insufficient, and the medical and public security function disaster relief is more than 1, especially the medical supply and demand ratio is greater than 4. the medical disaster prevention and demand capability is high, The characteristics of the public security disaster relief ability are relatively good. The daily supply and demand ratio of the recreation node is more than 1, and the demand and demand relationship of the daily recreation is shown, and the demand and demand ratio of the recreation node at the weekend is less than 1, and the pressure of the recreation at the end of the weekend is relatively large and (3) in the optimization of the green road network, the land resources are opposite to the urban construction funds and the land resources, in that prior green road network optimization research, only the dense nature of the network spatial structure is paid attention to, In this paper, the priority protection principle is used to extract the green channel network with high traffic class and compact space in the existing ideal network based on the improved weighted kernel density network optimization model of the green channel network traffic, and the green channel network the corridor of the effective circuit can not be formed to be optimized so as to carry out the whole green road network, The network optimization of the sub-functional sub-hierarchy is integrated and extracted. At the same time, it also provides a near future for the construction of the green road network in the future. The objective of this study is to put forward a strategy with implementability. Through optimization, this study identified three single-function green road network and integrated network, and the total number of seven green road network plan groups The integrated green road integrates the basic needs of three functions of ecology, disaster prevention and recreation, and forms a green road infrastructure in the main urban area of Wuhan. The identified comprehensive green road can also be divided into In order to: the water system green road, the mountain green road and the road green road, the water system green road mainly refers to the green road along the Yangtze River and the Hanjiang distribution, which is the most important green road in the study area. The green road system is connected with the west lake, the east lake, the sand lake and the green road of the south lake not only connected with the main landscape green space, but also as a connection disaster prevention green space node and an important plant and plant habitat, and also has a very important position, The vegetation buffer zone of the lake is constructed in the green channels, not only can prevent the lake from being further eaten by the urban development, but also in ord to reduce that pollution of the non-point source of the lake, it also has a positive effect, and the green road of the mountain is mainly composed of the east-west forest of the main urban area The patch is a powerful green wedge to be inserted into the city. The road green road includes the main loop line and the east-west main road, which The main disaster prevention and recreation green space node is connected with the green road. According to the characteristics of the near lake in the river along the Yangtze River as shown in the final comprehensive green road optimization result, this paper puts forward the combination of the green core, the green heart and the green road, and it has the characteristics of the landscape and the landscape in Wuhan. Urban green road planning, combined with urban waterfront space, slow-line traffic, and urban green-track network planning implementation strategy based on human text, The implementation of the urban green road network in the Han city provides a specific scheme. This can use the advantages of the original natural conditions and the extension of the linear space of the existing road to increase the green open space of the city, which is embodied in the form of green road, to improve the urban environment and slow down.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TU985.2
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