食用植物性农产品质量安全研究进展

发布时间：2018-02-05 01:49

本文关键词： 食用植物性农产品质量安全检测风险评估污染控制研究进展　出处：《中国农业科学》2014年18期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：目前,威胁食用植物性农产品质量安全的主要污染物为农药残留、生物毒素和重金属等。从这些污染物检测技术看,在样品前处理技术、确证检测技术和快速检测技术3个方面均取得了显著进展。样品前处理技术建立并改进了固相萃取、固相微萃取、超临界流体萃取、基质固相分散萃取和微波辅助萃取技术等,其中免疫亲和吸附技术和QuEChERS(Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged,and Safe)技术得到了快速发展和越来越广泛的应用;确证检测技术特别是色谱-质谱联用技术,因其具有灵敏、准确、可靠等优点,特别适合用作实验室仲裁检测,得到了快速发展和应用,并已列入农产品中农药残留、生物毒素等污染物测定方法标准中;农产品污染物快速检测技术方面,中国逐步实现从技术源头创新到终端产品创制的全程创新,研制出多种类、满足不同层次需求的产品,原理上既有酶抑制法,又有免疫分析法和无损检测法,形式上既有各种试剂盒、免疫亲和柱,又有各类免疫层析试纸条,为现场筛查、定性或定量测定提供了可供选择的技术方法,与大型仪器方法形成互补。从农产品污染物风险评估研究进展看,中国农产品质量安全风险评估体系建设成效显著,建成了以国家农产品质量安全风险评估机构为龙头、专业性和区域性风险评估实验室为主体、各主产区实验站为基础、生产基地观测点为延伸的具有中国特色的农产品质量安全风险评估体系,并根据6大类危害因子,提出了4大类风险评估类型,明确了各类风险评估的性质特征和评估程序,初步建立了包括农药残留、生物毒素、重金属、外源添加物等在内的农产品质量安全风险评估技术框架体系,研究开发出各类危害因子识别技术、风险评估专用软件等技术产品。从农产品污染控制研究看,农药残留、生物毒素和重金属等污染途径、规律、机制等被逐步解析,提出了一系列污染防控技术,包括污染源头控制技术、过程控制技术、消减技术等。当前存在的突出问题包括:1)农产品质量安全检测技术研究原始创新有待加强,尤其是不同种类混合污染物同步测定技术;2)风险评估研究起步晚,能力弱,社会需求迫切,基础数据不足;3)农产品危害因子污染控制基础研究薄弱,对污染发生、迁移、转化规律与机制缺少系统研究,关键控制点仍不明确,缺乏污染早期预警与防控技术。随着对食用植物性农产品质量安全研究的深入,危害因子检测技术自主创新性将会不断加强,技术方法与产品系列化将满足不同场所和层次对检测需求;通过加强对危害因子发生规律、营养品质形成与控制机理的研究,农产品风险预警与污染防控技术将得到快速发展和应用;农产品质量安全风险评估将成为农产品质量安全监管不可或缺的重要技术性、基础性工作,相关研究将成为热点,并在实现农产品质量安全多因子全过程科学管理、依法监督中发挥越来越重要的作用。
[Abstract]:At present, the main pollutants threaten edible plant quality and safety of agricultural products for pesticide residue, biological toxins and heavy metals. From these pollutants detection technology, processing technology in the sample, 3 aspects were detection technology and detection technology have made significant progress. The sample pretreatment technology to establish and improve the spe. Solid phase micro extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, matrix solid phase dispersion extraction and microwave assisted extraction technology, immunoaffinity adsorption technology and QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and, Safe) technology has been rapid development and application of more and more widely; confirmed detection technology especially the GC-MS. and because of its sensitive, accurate, reliable, especially for the laboratory of arbitration detection, has been rapid development and application, and has been included in the pesticide residues in agricultural products, biological toxins etc. Standard Test methods of pollutants in agricultural products; rapid detection of pollutants, China gradually achieve full innovation from technology innovation to create the source terminal products, developed many kinds of products, to meet the needs of different levels, the principle of both enzyme inhibition method, and immunoassay and nondestructive testing method, which have a variety of forms kit, immunoaffinity column, and all kinds of immunochromatographic test strip, for on-site screening, qualitative or quantitative technology provides an alternative measure, complementary with large instrument method. Research progress at risk assessment from the agricultural pollution risk, China agricultural product quality safety assessment system of building effective, built the national agricultural product quality safety risk assessment agencies as the leading professional and regional risk assessment laboratory as the main body, the main producing areas of experimental station based production base for observation points With Chinese characteristics of agricultural product quality safety risk extension assessment system, and according to the 6 categories of risk factors, put forward to assess the types of the 4 risk categories, defined the characteristics and evaluation procedures of risk assessment, the initial establishment of the pesticide residue, biological toxins, heavy metals, exogenous additives, risk of agricultural products the quality of the safety assessment framework, the research and development of a factor identification damage of all kinds of risk assessment, special software and other technology products. From the agricultural research, pollution control laws of biological pesticide residues, toxins and heavy metals pollution, is gradually approach, mechanism analysis, put forward a series of prevention and control of pollution, including pollution source control technology and process control technology, subtractive technology. The existing problems include: 1) the quality and safety of agricultural products detection technology research of original innovation needs to be strengthened, especially The same kind of pollutants and synchronous measurement technology; 2) risk assessment research started late, weak ability, social needs, lack of basic data; 3) agricultural hazards pollution control basic research is weak, the migration of pollution, and transform rules and mechanism of the lack of systematic research, the key control point is not clear, the lack of pollution early early warning and prevention and control technology. With the study of the quality and safety of agricultural products of edible plants, hazard detection technology will continue to strengthen the independent innovation of technology, methods and products will meet the needs of different places and levels of detection demand; through the strengthening of the hazard occurrence, formation mechanism and control of the nutritional quality of agricultural products. Risk warning and pollution prevention and control technology will be rapid development and application; agricultural product quality safety risk assessment will become an important agricultural products quality and safety supervision Technology and basic work will be a hot topic. It will play an increasingly important role in the realization of the quality management of agricultural products quality and safety.

【作者单位】：中国农业科学院油料作物研究所/农业部油料产品质量安全风险评估实验室(武汉)/农业部油料作物生物学与遗传育种重点实验室/农业部生物毒素检测重点实验室/农业部油料及制品质量监督检验测试中心;
【基金】：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201303088) 国家农产品质量安全风险评估重大项目(GJFP2014006) 国家星火计划(2012GA760001)
【分类号】：F322
【正文快照】： 0引言食用植物性农产品包括粮食、油料、果品、蔬菜、茶叶等,是人类赖以生存最重要的大宗农产品。食用农产品质量安全事关国计民生和社会安定。近年来国外包括欧美等发达国家发生了一系列农产品质量安全事件,国内也是如此,如2008年三聚氰胺事件,2010年山东、海南先后发生农药

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