“商山四皓”文学接受研究

发布时间：2018-06-10 19:52

本文选题：商山四皓 + 接受　；参考：《陕西理工大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：“商山四皓”是《史记》和《汉书》中记录的一组历史人物,他们在秦末汉初经历了隐居山中,不应刘邦之聘,出山保太子刘盈等三次重大抉择。他们的称呼也有“四人”、“四老”、“四公”、“四皓”等变化,这些变化中逐渐加入了对于其道德和品行的赞美,随着后人对他们的经历不断补充,加上商山在唐代特殊的地理位置,“商山四皓”逐渐代替了“南山四皓”而为人熟知。“商山四皓”在汉代总体上被作为歌颂刘邦和张良的配衬,三国曹植第一次全面地肯定了四皓的出与处,开创了后世歌颂四皓的基本格局。晋代玄学兴起,隐逸之风盛行,四皓被陶渊明等人看做隐士而大加颂扬。皇甫谧、葛洪等人还将四皓纳入了道教神仙体系之中。在一片颂扬声中,东晋桓玄第一次对四皓的行为进行了否定,开辟了批评四皓的先河。唐代是四皓接受的一个繁盛时期,唐代作家对四皓的肯定与责难使得四皓形象的内涵得到了极大丰富。宋人在继承前代观点的基础上对四皓安储的真实性进行了理性质疑,而在南宋偏安的社会背景下,四皓又被寄寓了家国之思和故土情怀。金元时期的四皓接受呈现出明显的潦倒文人情调,一方面,金元文人多对四皓的隐逸行为表示赞同,另一方面呈现出对历史的虚无、调侃态度。明清时期,思想专制不断加强,文字狱盛行,清代学术风气趋向于实证考据,因而对于四皓其人其事真实性的质疑达到了前所未有的强度。清代的异族统治给明代的遗民士大夫造成了极大的心灵创伤,他们以秦喻清,用汉喻明,借四皓避秦保刘的事迹表达他们反清复明的政治理想。在四皓形象不断扩展和丰富的过程中,他们被赋予了儒道、神仙等文化内涵。他们身上体现了尊老敬长,重德尚贤的儒家文化传统,其行为也符合儒家积极用世,功成不居的价值观念。同时,在他们身上还体现了道家无为而为,柔弱胜强的智慧,又具有全身保命,自由肆志的洒脱。因为高寿,他们被看做道教的长生神仙,商山也因为他们的隐居而成为道教七十二福地之一。四皓形象在长期的接受过程中已经超越了一组历史人物,成为具有丰富内涵的文化符号。
[Abstract]:Shang Shan Sihao is a group of historical figures recorded in Records of History and Han Shu. They lived in seclusion in the late Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty. They should not be hired by Liu Bang and protect Prince Liu Ying. They are also called "four people", "four Old", "four Gongs", "Sihao" and so on. These changes gradually add praise for their morality and conduct, and as their experiences continue to be supplemented by later generations, In addition to the special location of Shangshan in Tang Dynasty, Shangshan Sihao gradually replaced Nanshan Sihao and was well known. Shang Shan Si Hao was generally regarded as the complement of Liu Bang and Zhang Liang in the Han Dynasty. Cao Zhi for the first time fully affirmed Sihao's appearance and created a basic pattern of singing praise to Sihao in later generations. Jin Dynasty, the rise of metaphysics, seclusion prevailing, Sihao was regarded as hermit by Tao Yuanming and extolled. Huangfu Mi, GE Hong and others also put Sihao into the Taoist immortals system. In a eulogy, Huanxuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, for the first time, denied Sihao's behavior and opened the way for criticism of Sihao. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period for Sihao's acceptance, and the writers' affirmation and censure made the connotation of Sihao's image greatly enriched. On the basis of inheriting the viewpoint of the previous generation, the Song people rationally questioned the authenticity of Sihao'an Zu, but in the social background of the Southern Song Dynasty, Sihao was relegated to the thought of home and country and his native feelings. On the one hand, the scholars of Jin and Yuan Dynasty expressed their approval for Sihao's reclusive behavior, on the other hand, they showed a nihilistic attitude to history. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the ideological autocracy was constantly strengthened, the word prison was prevailing, and the academic ethos of the Qing Dynasty tended to be empirically textual, thus the doubts about the authenticity of Sihao people's affairs reached an unprecedented intensity. The alien rule of the Qing Dynasty caused great mental trauma to the literati and officials of the Ming Dynasty. They expressed their political ideals of opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring the Ming Dynasty by the deeds of the four Haos avoiding Qin Baoliu. In the process of expanding and enriching Sihao images, they were endowed with Confucianism and Taoism, immortals and other cultural connotations. They embody the Confucian cultural tradition of respecting the old and respecting the long and valuing the virtuous and virtuous, and their behavior conforms to the value of Confucianism's active use of the world and its failure to succeed. At the same time, they also reflected the Taoist inaction, weak and strong wisdom, but also the whole body to protect life, free and free. Because of their longevity, they were regarded as Taoist immortals, and Shang Shan became one of the 72 blessings of Taoism because of their seclusion. Sihao image has surpassed a group of historical figures in the long-term acceptance process and become a cultural symbol with rich connotation.
【学位授予单位】：陕西理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：I206.2

【参考文献】