行业收入差距的成因及其经济效应研究

发布时间：2018-02-25 02:27

本文关键词： 行业收入差距成因经济效应作用机制　出处：《东北师范大学》2016年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：改革开放以来,伴随着居民收入水平的提高,居民收入差距也出现不断扩大的趋势。1990-2012年,城镇居民行业收入的基尼系数由0.058上升至0.175,扩大了近2倍,年均增幅达5.1%；而同期城镇居民收入差距仅扩大38.4%,年均增幅仅有1.5%。这意味着行业收入差距扩大的速度要远快于我国城镇居民收入差距扩大的速度,已成为城镇居民收入差距不断扩大的最主要推手。更为重要的是,有别于城乡差距和地区差距,行政垄断等不合理因素导致的行业收入差距更容易诱发人们的不平衡心理,从而危及社会稳定。实际上,某个行业劳动者获得高收入并不一定是不合理的,最主要的是要考察致使行业收入差距形成的原因是否合理。如果劳动者的工资报酬取决于劳动者的受教育程度、年龄等个人特征的差异,并且能够在行业之间进行自由流动,由此产生的行业收入差距应该可以视为合理的；如果垄断行业的劳动者,其受教育程度的平均水平高于其他行业,或其劳动者的工作经验处于高收入分布段,那么处于垄断行业的劳动者获得高收入从某种意义上说也有合理的成分。我国行业收入差距问题逐渐从城乡收入差距、区域经济差距等多方面的收入差距中凸显出来,导致了经济效率降低、社会阶层矛盾加深、就业问题突出等各种经济社会问题。因此,对垄断行业的划分标准,探寻并测度行业收入差距的形成机理,以及如何分解行业收入差距中合理部分和不合理部分是刻画我国行业收入差距状况的关键所在。此外,由于收入差距是伴随经济增长的一个普遍存在的副产品,适度的行业收入差距是经济持续健康发展的必要保障。但是,不同程度的收入差距,在不同的经济增长阶段,对宏观经济的影响有很大差异。因此,考察行业收入差距对我国宏观经济产生的影响,有助于从理论层面上正确审视我国行业收入差距问题,这也是论文的出发点。本研究在系统梳理收入分配理论与行业收入差距理论的基础上,构建了我国行业收入差距的形成机制及其对宏观经济影响的综合机制理论模型；根据改革开放以来我国行业收入差距变动的现实状况,划分行业收入差距的演变历程；通过运用近年来研究行业收入差距普遍采用的测度指标,从行业门类到行业大类,从全国到各地区,多指标多维度地刻画我国行业收入差距现状；综合运用宏观统计数据和微观数据库实证分析行业收入差距的成因及各影响因素的贡献程度,运用基于均值和基于分布的分解方法,分解垄断行业和竞争行业工资收入中可解释的部分和不可解释的部分；运用经典的计量经济方法,将行业收入差距放在整个宏观经济运行的基本态势下进行较为全面地考察,分析行业收入差距对经济增长、就业、消费、产业结构和金融发展的影响。本研究的主要发现包括：第一,改革开放以来,我国行业收入差距从整体上成不断扩大的趋势,特别是在2003年后,行业收入差距始终在较高水平上平缓波动。行业属性相差较大的行业,其行业工资差距就越大,因此,行业属性是决定行业收入差距的一个重要因素。此外,我国行业收入差距的变动存在着较强的区域同步性；同时,我国行业收入差距还存在着全国范围内的绝对β-收敛,以及中部地区和西部地区的俱乐部收敛。第二,行业特征对我国工业行业工资收入差距的解释程度在60%以上,但随着时间的推移行业特征的影响在逐步减少。其中,垄断因素对差距的解释程度也在逐年降低。第三,运用城镇住户调查(UHS)微观调查数据发现,个人特征和行业特征是导致我国行业间工资收入差距的两大关键因素。Shapley值分解结果表明,个体人力资本因素对行业收入差距的贡献最大,能够解释全国收入差距的45%左右,所有制垄断因素对行业收入差距的贡献仅次于人力资本,已成为我国行业收入察觉到重要原因。第四,基于均值的Oaxaca-Blinder工资方程分解表明,行业工资收入差距中不可解释的部分在逐渐增大,基于分布的FFL工资方程分解表明,处于工资分布低收入分位点的劳动者更容易因为所处行业的不同而获得明显的工资差异。第五,我国行业收入差距与经济增长之间存在库兹涅茨倒U型关系,而且我国的行业收入差距处于库兹涅茨曲线的左半边。第六,行业收入差距对失业率具有显著的正向作用,行业收入差距的扩大会提高失业率；我国行业收入差距对居民消费率具有负向作用,行业收入差距过大会降低居民消费水平；会提高第三产业产值占国内生产总值的比重,有利于产业结构优化升级；我国金融发展水平的提高是行业收入差距扩大的原因,金融发展在各行业中的非均衡发展显著扩大了行业收入差距。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, along with the increase of the income level, the income gap also appears a growing trend in.1990-2012 industry, the Gini coefficient of income of urban residents increased from 0.058 to 0.175, expanded by nearly 2 times the average annual growth rate of 5.1% over the same period; urban residents income gap only expanded by 38.4%, with an average annual growth rate of only 1.5%. means that the income gap between the industry expansion speed is far faster than the income gap of urban residents in China has become the main driving speed, the income gap between urban residents continue to expand. More importantly, unlike the urban-rural gap and regional disparities, leading to administrative monopoly unreasonable factors such as the income gap between the industry is more likely to cause people's psychological imbalance, thereby endangering social stability. In fact, some industry workers earn high incomes are not reasonable, the most important is to study the collection industry The reasons of gap formation is reasonable. If the wages of workers by workers in education, age and other personal characteristics, and can flow freely in the industry, the income gap between the industry should be regarded as reasonable as laborers; fruit of monopoly industries, the average level of education higher than other industries, or the working experience in the high income distribution, there is a monopoly industry workers earn high incomes in a sense also has reasonable composition. The income gap between the industry in China gradually from the income gap between urban and rural areas, highlight the regional economic gap and other aspects of the income gap, resulting in economic efficiency, enhance social stratum contradiction, employment problems of various economic and social problems. Therefore, the division standard of monopoly industry, explore and measure The formation mechanism of the income gap between the industry, and how to decompose the reasonable part of the income gap between the industry and the unreasonable part is the key to depict the income gap between industries in China. In addition, the income gap is a common by-product of economic growth, moderate income gap between industries is necessary to ensure sustained and healthy economic development. However, different degrees of income gap in different stages of economic growth, the impact on macro economy are different. Therefore, the impact of the income gap between the industry of China's macro economy, is helpful to correctly examine the industry income gap in China from the theoretical level, this is also the starting point of this research paper. Based on a systematic review of the theory of income distribution and income gap between the industry theory, integrated machine constructed the formation mechanism of the industry income gap in China and its influence on macro economy Business model; according to the actual situation changes in the income gap between the industry in China since reform and opening up, the evolution of the income gap between the industry division; by using the index of research in recent years is widely used in the income gap between the industry, from industry to industry categories, from national to regional, multi index and multi dimension to describe the status quo of industry income gap China; analysis on the integrated use of macro and micro empirical statistics database contribution factors of the income gap between the industry and the influence by the mean and the decomposition method based on Distribution Based on the decomposition part can be explained in part and can not explain the monopoly industry and competitive industry wages; using the econometric method of classic, will the income gap between the industry on the basic situation of the whole macro economy under a relatively comprehensive review and analysis of the income gap between the industry on economic growth , employment, consumption, industrial structure and financial development. The major findings of this study include: first, since the reform and opening up, the income gap between the industry of our country as a whole into a growing trend, especially after 2003, the income gap between the industry is at a higher level of gentle fluctuations. Industry attributes differ greatly in industry and the industry wage gap is bigger, therefore, the property industry is an important factor in determining the income gap between the industry. In addition, the income gap between the industry of our country changes have a strong regional synchronization; at the same time, the income gap between industries in China still exist absolute beta nationwide convergence, and the central region and Western club convergence. Second, to explain the extent of industry characteristics on the income gap between the industry wage in China is more than 60%, but with the passage of time the impact of the industry characteristics is gradually reduced. Among them, the monopoly To explain the extent of factors on the gap is reduced year by year. Third, using urban household survey (UHS) survey data found that the characteristics of individual industries is the result of.Shapley and the two key factors of China's industry wage income gap between the value of the decomposition results show that the contribution of individual human capital factors on the income gap between the industry's largest, can explain the national income gap of about 45%, with monopolistic ownership factors on the income gap between the industry after the human capital, has become China's industry revenue aware of the important reasons. In fourth, Oaxaca-Blinder average wage equation decomposition shows that based on the industry wage gap can not be explained in the part gradually increased, the distribution of FFL wage equation decomposition based on the distribution of wages of workers in low income quartiles more easily because of the different industries and wage difference. Fifth, I The Kuznets inverted U relationship between the income gap between the industry and economic growth, and China's income gap between industries in the left half of the Kuznets curve. Sixth, the income gap between the industry has significant positive effect on the unemployment rate, the income disparities will increase the unemployment rate; the income gap between the industry in China has a negative effect on the consumption rate, the income gap between the industry will reduce the level of consumption will increase third; industrial output value accounted for the proportion of gross domestic product, is conducive to the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure; the development of China's financial industry is to raise the level of the reasons of the widening income gap between financial development, unbalanced development in various industries to significantly expand the income gap between industries..

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F124.7

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