城市规模、资源配置效率与生产率优势

发布时间：2018-04-19 14:29

本文选题：城市规模 + 生产率分解　；参考：《东北财经大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着城市规模的扩大,不同规模城市的进一步发展趋势问题成为城市发展的重要课题,依据城市经济学的观点,规模较大城市因为资本、劳动力和技术的集聚带来经济发展的集聚效应,使得城市化水平不断提升,但随之而来的是大城市尤其是超大和特大型城市的规模效应伴随着巨大的成本,包括严峻的环境问题、交通问题和高企的各类成本。现实情况是尽管存在巨大的不确定性和高额成本,90%的大企业仍选址在大城市,大城市在获得规模效应的同时也带来了区域发展失衡的问题,与之相对应的是小城市的发展如何与大城市的发展协调一致?大城市具有的优势如何与小城市的优势互补?各自的发展方向问题?同时,我们注意到对于地区经济增长和全要素生产率增长的问题,之前的研究重点在于技术创新对于经济增长的推动作用,随着研究的深入,资源配置效率成为全要素生产率增长研究的重要方向,结合之前提及的大城市的集聚效应,这些问题的提出促使我们开始关注从资源配置效率角度分析大城市的生产率优势的来源。既有的研究重点关注于大城市的生产率优势,结论指出大城市的生产率优势可能来源于较高的集聚效应或是选择效应,但是这种分析仍不能较好的解释以上问题。大城市较高的集聚效应又是从何而来,有没有其他的外生因素会影响这种关系,更为必要的是基于大城市的发展,小城市发展的重要基础又是什么?资源配置效率的研究为本文的研究奠定了基础,杨汝岱(2015)指出,生产率的提升除了关注企业自身成长之外,企业间资源配置效率的提升也是至关重要的,不断提升的企业间资源配置效率解释了中国生产率水平的稳定提升,.同时,Hsieh and Klenow(2009)基于中国和印度的工业企业数据,进一步从资源误配角度分析了资源配置效率对于中国生产率提升的重要作用,这就为本文的研究指明了方向,基于生产率分解的方法,本文试图找出不同规模城市生产率提升的核心影响因素。主要的生产率分解方法包括OP、BHC、GR、FHK和DOP方法,其中BHC、GR和FHK方法因为自身存在的问题,这里只作为稳健性检验采用,本文主要采用OP和DOP的分解方法,前者用于生产率水平的分解,即生产率差异的静态比较;后者用于生产率变化的分解,即分析生产率提升的动态差异。这两种方法都是基于异质性企业对生产率进行分解,避免了之前的分解模型单纯依赖统计变换来刻画资源配置效率所带来的缺乏理论基础以及结果差异较大等问题,实现了更为清晰和准确的生产率分解。.本文以城市空间作为生产率分析边界,依据中国工业企业微观数据,通过OP与DOP分解方法对中国大城市生产率动态优势来源进行分析,实现了企业间资源配置效率的间接测度,发现了大城市具有较高资源配置效率的事实,为企业向大城市汇聚的现象提供了一个新的解释,并进行了实证检验。研究发现:①大城市兼具企业生产率的静态和动态优势,即不但生产率水平高,而且提升快,这可以构成大城市吸引和汇聚企业的主要经济原因。②虽然城市整体生产率提升主要来源于企业自身的成长效应(组内效应),但不同规模城市间生产率提升差异则来自于企业间资源配置效率(组间效应)的不同,资源配置效率的贡献能够解释大城市生产率提升的39.51%,而中小城市仅能解释22.91%,大城市因具有较高资源配置效率而实现了生产率的较快提升。③对于其他因素地排除,一方面企业间资源配置效率地提高主要依赖于非国有企业,国有企业并未发挥重要作用,另一方面行政级别、行业属性并非是企业向大城市汇聚的主要原因。④城市规模与企业间资源配置效率间存在着显著的正向关系,而且大城市资源配置效率与中小城市的差距在逐步放大,可以预见大城市的吸引力会进一步增强。因而,较高水平的资源配置效率可以解释为何中国大城市具有吸引力,这一发现对于破解"大城市病"、区域发展不均衡问题都具有启示意义。对于本文的研究结论得到如下政策启示,首先,大城市吸引力的机制源于资源配置效率,"去行政化"未必能解决"大城市病"。在行政级别较低小城市发展中,要着重提升本地区的市场化水平,完善市场机制建设。其次,对于不同所有制企业的研究启示,小城市在发展中要注重发展非国有内资企业,充分释放私营企业的活力,促进资源配置效率的提升,进而促进地区整体的生产率提升。再次,对于不同行业属性的企业,大城市的资源配置效率并未受到影响,说明这种资源配置效率的优势是普遍存在的,对于小城市而言,启示在于有重点的发展优势行业的同时要重视各行业的均衡。最后,对于区域性的发展失衡问题,大城市与小城市在资源配置效率上的差异解释了二者的发展不平衡,因此,小城市要克服自身的资源配置劣势,在促进要素流动、资源优化配置和调整经济结构上促进地区资源配置效率的提升,从而使经济在质量和数量上都得到提升。
[Abstract]:With the expansion of urban scale, the further development trend of different scale cities has become an important issue for urban development. According to the view of urban economics, the agglomeration effect of capital, labor and technology bring about the agglomeration effect of economic development in large scale cities, which makes the urbanization level rise continuously, but it follows the big city. In particular, the size effect of the large and super large cities is accompanied by huge costs, including severe environmental problems, traffic problems and high cost. In spite of the huge uncertainty and high cost, 90% of the large enterprises are still located in the big cities, and the city has also brought the regional development as well as the scale effect. The problem of unbalance is corresponding to how the development of small cities is consistent with the development of large cities. How do the advantages of large cities complementation with the advantages of small cities? The problem of their development direction? At the same time, we have noticed the problem of regional economic growth and the growth of total factor yield. With the deepening of research, the efficiency of resource allocation has become an important direction for the study of total factor productivity growth. Some research focuses on the productivity advantages of large cities. The conclusion is that the productivity advantage of large cities may come from higher agglomeration effect or choice effect, but this analysis can not explain the above problems better. What is the important basis for the development of small cities based on the development of big cities? The research on the efficiency of resource allocation has laid the foundation for the study of this article. Yang Rudai (2015) points out that the promotion of the efficiency of the resource allocation among enterprises is also crucial in addition to the growth of the enterprise itself. The efficiency of inter enterprise resource allocation explains the stability and promotion of China's productivity level. At the same time, Hsieh and Klenow (2009), based on the data of industrial enterprises in China and India, further analyzes the important role of resource allocation efficiency in China's productivity promotion from the perspective of resource misallocation, which indicates the direction of this study. The method of productivity decomposition, this article tries to find out the core factors of the productivity promotion of different scale cities. The main methods of productivity decomposition include OP, BHC, GR, FHK and DOP, in which the BHC, GR and FHK methods are used only as robustness tests because of their own problems. This paper mainly adopts the decomposition method of OP and DOP, the former The decomposition of productivity level, the static comparison of productivity differences; the latter is used for the decomposition of productivity changes, that is, the analysis of the dynamic differences in productivity enhancement. These two methods are based on the decomposition of productivity by heterogeneous enterprises, avoiding the previous decomposition model simply relying on statistical transformation to describe the efficiency of resource allocation. In this paper, a clearer and accurate decomposition of productivity is realized, such as the lack of theoretical basis and the greater difference of results. This paper takes urban space as the boundary of productivity analysis, based on the micro data of Chinese industrial enterprises, and analyses the source of productivity dynamic advantage of China's big cities by OP and DOP decomposition method, and realizes the resources between enterprises. The indirect measure of allocation efficiency has found the fact that large cities have higher resource allocation efficiency. It provides a new explanation for the phenomenon that enterprises converge to large cities and carries out an empirical test. The main economic reasons for the large cities to attract and gather enterprises. Although the overall productivity of the city is mainly derived from the growth effect (intra group effect) of the enterprise itself, the difference in productivity promotion between different cities comes from the difference in the efficiency of resource allocation among enterprises (inter group effect), and the contribution of the efficiency of resource allocation can be explained. The productivity of large cities is 39.51%, while small and medium-sized cities can only explain 22.91%. Large cities have achieved a rapid increase in productivity because of their high resource allocation efficiency. 3. For other factors, the efficiency of resource allocation among enterprises is mainly dependent on non-state-owned enterprises, and the other is not playing an important role, the other is the other. There is a significant positive relationship between the size of the city and the efficiency of the allocation of resources between enterprises, and the gap between the allocation efficiency of large cities and the small and medium-sized cities is gradually enlarged, and the attraction of large cities will be further enhanced. The efficiency of the level of resource allocation can explain why China's big cities are attractive. This discovery has implications for solving the problem of "big city disease" and unbalance of regional development. The conclusions of this paper are as follows: first, the mechanism of the attraction of the big cities is derived from the efficiency of resource allocation, and "to be administrative" may not be able to do so. To solve the problem of "big city disease". In the development of small cities with lower administrative level, we should focus on improving the market level of the region and perfecting the construction of market mechanism. Secondly, for the research of different ownership enterprises, the development of small cities should pay attention to the development of non-state-owned domestic enterprises, release the vitality of private enterprises and promote the efficiency of the allocation of resources. Promotion, and then promote the overall productivity of the region. Thirdly, for enterprises with different industries, the efficiency of resource allocation in large cities has not been affected. It shows that the advantages of this resource allocation efficiency are universal. For small cities, the enlightenment lies in the emphasis on the development of the dominant industries and the balance of the various industries. Finally, with regard to the imbalance of regional development, the difference in the efficiency of resource allocation between large cities and small cities explains the unbalanced development of the two. Therefore, the small cities should overcome their own disadvantages of resource allocation, promote the flow of factors, optimize the allocation of resources and adjust the economic structure to promote the efficiency of regional resources allocation, thus making it possible to promote the efficiency of regional resources allocation. The economy has been improved in both quality and quantity.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F224;F299.2

【参考文献】