中国人力资本投资与城乡收入差距关系研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 09:13

本文选题：城乡收入差距 + 教育投资　；参考：《东北财经大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：公平与效率是人类经济生活中的一对基本矛盾,而且它也一直是经济学界争论的主要内容。在我国开始加大对外开放力度及实行市场化改革以来的30多年中,我国的经济效率得到了极大的释放,快速发展的经济令全世界所瞩目,人民的收入水平也显著提高了。与此同时,收入差距问题这把"达摩克利斯之剑"已经悄然悬挂在我们的头顶。国家统计局公布的2015年全国居民收入基尼系数是0.46,与国际上基尼系数0.40的警戒线标准相比,我国的收入差距问题已经十分严重了,而城乡收入差距问题尤为突出。如果不能很好地解决这个棘手的问题,它不仅仅可能会成为阻碍经济发展的重要原因,而且可能会破坏社会稳定,造成社会撕裂。虽然在经济学界还没有形成统一认可的收入分配理论体系,但也存在一些经济理论可以分析收入分配问题。其中,人力资本理论可以很好地从市场角度分析收入分配问题,人力资本投资的差距会导致收入分配的差距。但在现实情况中,我国城乡间收入差距与城乡间人力资本投资差距的关系却是错综复杂的,如果能够理清两者之间的相互影响机制,就能够为实现效率与公平的兼顾这一目标提供更多的理论与现实的支持。本文首先界定了收入差距与人力资本投资的概念,然后分别对国内外相关的研究文献进行了回顾与梳理,这为本文的撰写提供了许多的思路与突破口。同时,本文又回顾了近三十多年来我国城乡收入差距与人力资本投资差距的演进情况,本文用教育与医疗卫生的资源分布与投入支出的变化情况来近似反映人力资本投资差距的演进。经过描述性统计分析可以看出我国城乡收入差距与人力资本投资差距的演进路径存在一定程度的重合,差距都是先扩大,在近几年又逐渐有变小的趋势。然后本文在GolarZeira(1993)的理论框架基础上进行了一定的扩展,从中国经济发展的特点出发,引入二元经济并存的假设,即引入规模报酬不变的现代生产部门与规模报酬递减的传统生产部门,并结合原理论中初始财富分配存在差异且信贷市场不完善的假设,从理论角度分析了短期与长期内个体选择进行人力资本投资的决策与收入差距之间的影响机制。在理论分析的基础上,本文通过构建向量自回归(VAR)模型结合1981年至2014年的数据实证分析了城乡收入差距情况与人力资本投资差距之间的关系。本文的理论分析结果表明城乡间财富与资源分配的差距可能导致城乡人力资本投资差距拉大,而这又进一步拉大城乡间的收入差距情况,形成"马太效应"。而实证分析所得出的结果也在很大程度上验证了理论分析的结果,城乡人力资本投资差距扩大是城乡收入差距扩大的一个重要原因,而城乡收入差距扩大可能是城乡人力资本投资差距扩大的一个原因,但影响程度有限。根据这些研究结果,本文进一步提出了一些切实可行的建议政策,主要是从缩小城乡间的教育与医疗保健的差距入手,加大对农村地区教育投资的扶持力度,完善社会保障体系,提高农村医疗卫生水平,从而进一步缩小城乡收入差距。当然,本论文存在着许多的不足之处,主要是体现在人力资本的测量问题,这是目前国际学界也没有解决的问题,选择教育与健康投资支出只能近似代表人力资本投资的情况,这就需要更加完善的且易于拟合现实的人力资本理论,且需要更加完备、时间跨度更长的数据,这有待进一步的深入研究。
[Abstract]:Fairness and efficiency are a basic contradiction in human economic life, and it has always been the main content of the debate in the economic circle. In the 30 years since China began to expand its opening to the outside world and carry out the market-oriented reform, the economic efficiency of our country has been greatly released. The rapid development of the economy has made the world attention, the people of the world. The income gap has also increased significantly. At the same time, the income gap problem, the "sword of Damour Kris", has quietly hung over our heads. The National Bureau of statistics published the national income Gini coefficient of 0.46 in 2015, compared with the international Gini coefficient of 0.40 of the cordon standard, China's income gap problem is already very serious, The problem of income gap between urban and rural areas is particularly prominent. If this difficult problem can not be solved well, it can not only be an important cause of hindering economic development, but also may destroy social stability and cause social tear. Although there is no unified theory of income distribution in the economic circle, there are also some of them. Economic theory can analyze the problem of income distribution. Among them, human capital theory can analyze the distribution of income from the market angle well. The gap of human capital investment will lead to the gap of income distribution. However, in reality, the relationship between the income gap and the gap between urban and rural human capital is complicated. If we can clarify the mutual influence mechanism between the two, we can provide more theoretical and practical support for the goal of achieving both efficiency and fairness. Firstly, this paper defines the concept of income gap and human capital investment, and then reviews and combs the relevant research literature at home and abroad, which is a compilation of this article. Writing provides a lot of ideas and breakthroughs. At the same time, this paper also reviews the evolution of the gap between urban and rural income gap and human capital investment in China over the past thirty years. In this paper, the evolution of human capital investment gap is approximately reflected by the distribution of education and medical and health resources and the change of input and expenditure. It can be seen that there is a certain degree of coincidence between the urban-rural income gap and the evolution path of the investment gap between human capital and human capital. The gap is expanded first and gradually smaller in recent years. Then this paper has carried out a certain expansion on the basis of the theoretical framework of GolarZeira (1993), starting from the characteristics of China's economic development and introducing two. The hypothesis of the coexistence of yuan economy is to introduce the traditional production department with the constant return on scale and the traditional production department with diminishing returns on scale, and combine the hypothesis that the initial wealth distribution is different and the credit market is not perfect in the theory theory. From the theoretical point of view, the decision and income of human capital investment in the short-term and long term individual selection are analyzed. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper empirically analyses the relationship between the income gap between urban and rural areas and the gap between human capital investment by constructing the vector autoregressive (VAR) model combined with the data from 1981 to 2014. The theoretical analysis shows that the gap between wealth and resource allocation between urban and rural areas may lead to the gap between urban and rural wealth. The gap between urban and rural human capital investment has been widened, and this further draws the income gap between urban and rural areas to form the "Ma Tai effect". And the results of the empirical analysis also prove the result of theoretical analysis to a great extent. The expansion of the gap between urban and rural human capital investment is an important reason for the expansion of urban and rural income gap, and the income of urban and rural income. The widening gap may be one of the reasons for the expansion of the gap between urban and rural human capital investment, but the impact degree is limited. According to these results, this paper further puts forward some practical and feasible suggestions, mainly from reducing the gap between urban and rural education and health care, and increasing the support for education investment in rural areas, Good social security system, improve the level of rural medical and health, thus further narrowing the income gap between urban and rural areas. Of course, there are many shortcomings in this paper, which is mainly reflected in the measurement of human capital. This is the problem that the international academic circles have not solved at present. In the case of investment, it needs a more perfect and easy to fit human capital theory, and needs more complete and longer span data, which needs further research.

【学位授予单位】：东北财经大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：F124.7;F249.21

【参考文献】