我国31个省会城市空气质量指数的分布特征及其与气象因素的关系

发布时间：2018-06-04 02:52

本文选题：空气质量指数(AQI) + 首要污染物　；参考：《重庆医科大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：目的:随着我国城市经济的持续高速增长,各城市规模的不断扩大,城市雾霾天气也随之大范围频繁的出现,城市的空气污染问题已成为我国当前最受关注的环境问题。日趋严重的空气污染问题对资源、环境、居民健康都产生了日益巨大的威胁。在我国,空气污染并不是某一个城市的问题,而是全国性大范围地区的问题。加之,在中国空气污染转型的背景下,以PM10、SO2、NO2为必测参数计算得到的空气污染指数(API)将无法准确表征我国现今空气污染的实际情况。因此,国家环境保护部已于2013年发布了新的指数——空气质量指数(AQI)用来表示空气质量情况,且将对大气能见度和人体健康有显著影响的细颗粒物PM2.5纳入常规污染物监测中。本文旨在利用新颁布的定量描述空气质量状况的无量纲指数——空气质量指数(AQI),来研究空气污染在各省会城市的分布特征和变化趋势,利用相关性分析研究AQI与气象因素关系。最后,通过研究结果客观反映我国环境空气质量现状,同时也为制定相应防治空气污染的政策、法律法规提供合理的科学依据。方法:空气质量指数(AQI)数据来源于中华人民共和国环境保护部数据中心(http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/index)公布的每日空气质量指数(AQI)、首要污染物和空气质量级别。气象数据来源于web站点“Reliable Prognosis”(https://rp5.ru/中国天气_)公开发布的每日气象数据集,该网站的天气数据由地面气象站通过气象数据国际自由交换系统提供。时段是2014年1月1日至2016年12月31日,选取了我国除了香港,澳门,台湾之外的所有省会城市,共31个。利用Excel整理所收集的AQI和气象数据;运用专业软件Arc GIS绘制统计地图;采用SPSS的两变量关联性分析探究AQI与各气象因素的相关性,P0.05为相关性显著,相关系数大于零为正相关,小于零为负相关。最后,根据统计分析结果绘制图表描述我国31个省会城市AQI的时空分布特征及其与气象因素的相关性。结果:1我国北方城市AQI值高于南方城市,AQI值由北向南降低趋势比较明显,直至海口,AQI取得最低值;AQI高值区主要分布在华北平原地区;2014年至2016年的年均AQI值及标准差分别98±25、91±22、88±22,直观呈现出明显下降趋势;我国省会城市空气质量指数(AQI)以夏季作为转折点,冬季到夏季AQI值大幅度降低,夏季之后AQI值逐渐升高,直至冬季升到最高,AQI值冬高夏低;但拉萨除外,拉萨的AQI值春季最高,另外三季AQI值变化不明显;同时发现广州的AQI值季节差异不明显,北京AQI值冬季最高,春夏秋无明显差异。2 31个省会城市空气质量污染天数比例排名前五位的城市是济南(65%)、郑州(59%)、武汉(53%)、北京(50%)、石家庄(49%);空气质量污染天数比例排名较低的五位城市是海口(2%)、昆明(2%)、福州(4%)、拉萨(7%)、贵阳(8%);2014年至2016年的污染天数比例分别为35%、29%、28%,年均污染天数逐年减少,空气质量有所改善;总体上看,北方城市污染天数(19%)比例大于南方城市(11%),北方城市一年空气质量较南方低。3在污染天数中,PM2.5是我国大部分省会城市的首要污染物,第二污染物为PM10、臭氧(8h O3);其中兰州、呼和浩特、拉萨的首要污染物是PM10,第二污染物分别是PM2.5,PM2.5,臭氧(8h O3);PM2.5是我国七个地区全年和秋冬季的首要污染物;在春季,PM10是西北地区的首要污染物;在夏季,臭氧(8h O3)是我国七个地区的首要污染物。4七个地区(东北、西北、华北、华中、华东、西南、华南)的月均温度与月均AQI呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.740、-0.853、-0.684、-0.752、-0.653、-0.701、-0.599;四个地区(华中、西南、华南、华东)的月均湿度与月均AQI呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.526、-0.519、-0.559、-0.553;两个地区(华北、华东)的月均风速与月均AQI呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.384、-0.451。结论:我国空气质量指数(AQI)整体表现出明显的北高南低的空间特征和冬高夏低的季节特征;31个省会城市污染天数比例排名前五位的城市分别是济南(65%)、郑州(59%)、武汉(53%)、北京(50%)、石家庄(49%);污染天数比例排名后五位的城市分别是海口(2%)、昆明(2%)、福州(4%)、拉萨(7%)、贵阳(8%);2014年至2016年的污染天数比例分别为35%、29%、28%,年均污染天数逐年减少,空气质量有所改善;北方城市污染天数(19%)比例大于南方城市(11%),北方城市一年空气质量较南方低;PM2.5是我国主要空气污染物,其次是PM10、臭氧(8h O3);臭氧(8h O3)是我国在夏季的首要空气污染物;PM10是我国西北地区在春季的首要空气污染物;空气质量指数(AQI)与地区气象因素(温度、湿度、风速)存在显著的负相关关系,温度较高的夏季,AQI值反而较低,温度较低的冬季,AQI值反而较高;湿度对区域AQI值有清除作用;风速的大小对区域AQI值变化有着直接影响,风速越大,AQI值越小,表明污染物越容易扩散,反之,风速越小,则表明污染物不易扩散。综上可知,我国的空气污染状况在各城市各区域各季节具有不同的特征,且与地区气象因素存在相关性,建议以区域为导向,根据各城市各区域实际的现状制定符合当地污染特征的防治方案。
[Abstract]:Objective: with the continuous and rapid growth of urban economy, the expansion of urban scale and the frequent occurrence of Urban Fog and haze, the problem of air pollution in cities has become the most important environmental problem in our country. The increasingly serious air pollution problem has produced an increasingly huge amount of resources, environment and residents' health. In China, air pollution is not a problem of a city, but a nationwide problem. In addition, in the context of the transition of air pollution in China, the air pollution index (API) calculated by PM10, SO2 and NO2 will not accurately represent the actual situation of air pollution in our country. Therefore, National ring In 2013, the Ministry of environment protection issued a new index, the air quality index (AQI), used to represent air quality, and the fine particulate matter, PM2.5, which had a significant impact on the visibility of the atmosphere and human health, was included in the conventional pollutant monitoring. The gas quality index (AQI) is used to study the distribution characteristics and change trend of air pollution in each provincial capital city. The relationship between AQI and meteorological factors is studied by correlation analysis. Finally, the present situation of environmental air quality in China is objectively reflected by the results of the study. At the same time, the policy of prevention and control of air pollution is also made, and the laws and regulations provide a reasonable scientific basis. Method: the air quality index (AQI) data came from the daily air quality index (AQI), primary pollutant and air quality level published by the People's Republic of China Ministry of environmental protection data center (http://datacenter.mep.gov.cn/index). The meteorological data came from the "Reliable Prognosis" of the web site (https://rp5.ru/ China weather). The weather data from the site is provided by the ground weather station through the international free exchange system of meteorological data. The time period is from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, and all the provincial capital cities in our country, except Hongkong, Macao and Taiwan, are selected. The collection of the collected AQI and meteorological data by Excel; The professional software Arc GIS draws the statistical map, and uses the two variable correlation analysis of SPSS to explore the correlation between AQI and various meteorological factors. P0.05 has a significant correlation, the correlation coefficient is more than zero as positive correlation and less than zero as negative correlation. Finally, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of AQI in China's provincial capital cities are drawn according to the statistical analysis results and the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the AQI are drawn. Results: 1 the value of AQI in northern cities of China is higher than that in southern cities. The decreasing trend of AQI value from north to south is obvious, and the minimum value of AQI is reached in Haikou. The high value area of AQI is mainly distributed in the North China Plain Area; the annual average AQI value and standard deviation of the year 2014 to 2016 are respectively 98 + 25,91 + 22,88 + 22, respectively. Trend; the air quality index (AQI) of the provincial capital city (AQI) is a turning point in summer, and the AQI value of winter to summer is greatly reduced. After summer, the AQI value rises gradually, until winter rises to the highest, and the AQI value is low in winter, but the AQI value of Lhasa is the highest in the spring and the AQI value of the other three seasons is not obvious; meanwhile, the AQI value of Guangzhou is found to be bad season. Not obvious, Beijing AQI value in winter is the highest, there is no obvious difference between spring and summer and autumn. The top five cities of air quality pollution in the 31 provincial cities are Ji'nan (65%), Zhengzhou (59%), Wuhan (53%), Beijing (50%), Shijiazhuang (49%); the five cities with lower air quality pollution days are Haikou (2%), Kunming (2%), Fuzhou (4%)). SA (7%) and Guiyang (8%); the proportion of polluted days from 2014 to 2016 were 35%, 29%, 28% respectively. The annual average pollution days decreased year by year, and the air quality was improved. In general, the proportion of polluted days (19%) in northern cities was greater than that of Southern cities (11%). The air quality of northern cities was lower than South.3 in the number of polluted days, and PM2.5 was most of the provincial capital in China. The first pollutant in the city, second pollutants is PM10, ozone (8h O3); the primary pollutant in Lanzhou, Hohhot and Lhasa is PM10, and the second pollutants are PM2.5, PM2.5, and ozone (8h O3); PM2.5 is the primary pollutant in the whole year and autumn and winter of the seven regions of our country; in spring, PM10 is the primary pollutant in the northwest region; in summer, ozone (8) H O3) is the primary pollutant.4 seven regions in seven regions of China (northeast, northwest, North China, central China, East China, southwest, Southern China) with monthly average temperature of AQI negative correlation, the correlation coefficient is -0.740, -0.853, -0.684, -0.752, -0.653, -0.701, -0.599; four regions (central China, southwest, Southern China, East China) monthly average humidity and monthly AQI is negatively correlated, The correlation coefficients are -0.526, -0.519, -0.559, -0.553; the monthly mean wind speed of the two regions (North China and East China) is negatively correlated with the monthly mean AQI, and the correlation coefficient is -0.384, respectively, -0.451. conclusion: the air quality index (AQI) in our country shows the distinct spatial characteristics of the North High South low and the seasonal characteristics of the low winter height and summer, and the number of the pollution days in the 31 provincial cities. The top five cities were Ji'nan (65%), Zhengzhou (59%), Wuhan (53%), Beijing (50%), and Shijiazhuang (49%), Haikou (2%), Kunming (2%), Fuzhou (4%), Lhasa (7%), Guiyang (8%), respectively, and the number of polluted days from 2014 to 2016 were respectively 35%, 29%, and annual average pollution days decreased year by year, Air quality is improved; the proportion of polluted days in northern cities (19%) is greater than that in southern cities (11%), and the air quality of northern cities is lower than that in the south. PM2.5 is the main air pollutant in China, followed by PM10, ozone (8h O3), and ozone (8h O3) is the primary air pollutant in our country in summer; PM10 is the primary air pollution in the northwest of China in spring. There is a significant negative correlation between the air quality index (AQI) and the regional meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed). In the summer of higher temperature, the AQI value is lower, and the AQI value is higher in the lower temperature in winter; the humidity has a clear effect on the regional AQI value; the wind speed has a direct influence on the regional AQI value, the greater the wind speed, the AQI value. The smaller, the more easily diffusion of pollutants, and conversely, the smaller the wind speed, it indicates that the pollutant is not easy to spread. As a result, the air pollution in our country has different characteristics in each city and each region, and has a correlation with the regional meteorological factors. It is suggested that the air pollution is based on the regional orientation, according to the actual status of the various cities and regions. Prevention and control of local pollution characteristics.
【学位授予单位】：重庆医科大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X51;X16

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