合作行为与经济学中的互补性研究

发布时间：2018-02-03 00:25

本文关键词： 合作社会认知互补性　出处：《浙江大学》2006年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 合作在人类社会的互动中是常见的行为模式，本论文对合作的起源、发展、执行机制、组织形式以及内在性质进行了一些初步的讨论。合作行为起源于最初群居人类应对生存压力的行为习惯，也是人类社会化的自然结果，同时还有心理上互相认同的动机。这三方面的因素不断地推动着合作行为的发展演化。结群而居的生活习惯形成了最初的社会关系网，网络中不同对象的不同行为导致了心理上认同程度的差异，逐渐形成了带声誉机制的社会关系网。同时社会化互动的结果还产生了约束互动中行为的外部规范，这些规范本身不能代表任何程度的社会监督，而仅仅是降低监督成本的行为范本而已。在合作执行机制的发展过程中合作的行为模式越来越外在地范化为标准的范本，从习惯到习俗，从传统到文化，最后成为伦理道德以至于法律规范。但越来越清晰的行为范本并不能保证社会成员的行为都符合范本，社会监督的压力相反越来越大。实际上，如果社会正义的监督力量足够强大，并且是令人信服的，那么细致的法律条款就显得多余，换句话说，详细完备的法律条文的作用在于谴责伤害他人的行为，而对于提高合作水平并不见得有显著的效果。之所以会得出这样的悲观结论，是因为社会监督赖以进行的声誉机制没有办法脱离社会关系的网络而发挥作用。另一方面社会成员参加社会互动时所秉持的态度都源自于他们之间的认同程度，这是他们采取合作策略的倾向，而这个认同程度是严格小于1的。于是对于同样的社会行为会存在着不同的标准，更令人遗憾的是合作总是有条件的。这种悲观直接影响了社会成员的行为，他们结成不同的团体，参加不同的社会组织，挑选不同的伙伴，并且在社会互动中做出合作或者反叛的决策。幸运的是，在这一类寻求合作的解决的问题中，人们总是能找到彼此能够认同的互补性的结果。这个性质很类似于技术和信息在创造财富时的重要作用，正是这种互补性的关系使得原来的福利状况得到了显著的改善。这样我们可以把有关合作的互补性的社会知识作为人类的认知结果归结为知识的一种形式。而作为一种知识，合作的互补性原则在指导社会成员进行行为决策的时候并不需要如同技术性知识和信息那样追求具体和准确。相反，在极其频繁的社会互动过程中合作的互补性知识逐渐模式化，甚至有一些还外化为行为准则而成为社会监督的标准。所以社会监督总是落后于合作的行为发展的，充其量社会监督也只能反映出对待合作的态度在全社会平均的意义上的水平。合作是人类最重要的行为方式，它的具体的演化过程非常的复杂。不同的文化在不同的历史路径下都能够产生不同的关于互补性的知识。这些知识本身并没有对错之分，但是当调节的行为发生互相作用的时候往往成为冲突的原由，而这种不同正义之间的战斗所带来的破坏是十分巨大的。或许在接下来的研究里，，可以找到一些基本的关于合作的互补性知识，这样有利于求同存异地化解危机和冲突。
[Abstract]:Cooperation is a common behavior pattern in the interaction of human society. This paper makes a preliminary discussion on the origin, development, execution mechanism, organization form and inherent nature of cooperation.
Cooperative behavior originated in the original social human to survival pressure behavior, human society is the natural result, but also psychological mutual identity motivation. These three factors are pushing the development of cooperative behavior evolution. Habits form lived in groups into the initial network of social relations, different behavior different objects in the network leads to a level of acceptance of the psychological difference, gradually formed with the reputation mechanism of social networks and social interaction. The results also have external standard behavioral constraints in the interaction between the codes themselves do not represent any degree of social supervision, but only to reduce the cost of supervision of the behavior model.
In the behavior mode of cooperation and development cooperation in the implementation of more and more in the process of the mechanism of external standardization for the standard, from customs to custom, from the traditional to the culture, and finally become the ethics that legal norms. But more and more clearly the behavior model does not guarantee the behavior of members of society are in line with the model of social supervision, the opposite of stress more and more. In fact, if the supervision power of social justice is strong enough, and is convincing, then detailed legal provisions is superfluous, in other words, the law with complete role in condemnation of hurting others, and have a significant effect to improve the level of cooperation is not necessarily.
The reason that such a pessimistic conclusion, because of the reputation mechanism for social supervision is no way out of social relation network and play a role. The degree of identity on the other hand grasps social members to participate in social interaction when the attitude comes from between them, this is their tendency to adopt cooperative strategy, and the degree of identity is strictly less than 1. There are different standards for social behavior and the same, even more regrettable is that cooperation is always conditioned.
This pessimism has a direct impact on the behavior of members of society, they formed different groups in different social organizations, choose different partners, and make a decision or rebellious cooperation in social interactions. Fortunately, in this kind of cooperation to solve the problem, people can always find each other can identify complementary the results of this nature. It is very similar to the information technology and an important role in creating wealth, it is the complementary relationship between the original welfare status has been significantly improved. So we can put the complementary cooperation on social cognitive knowledge as a result of human into a form of knowledge.
As a kind of knowledge, when the complementarity principle of cooperation behavior decision in guiding the members of the society do not need as technical knowledge and information that pursues specific and accurate. On the contrary, complementary knowledge of cooperation in the process of social interaction is very frequent in the gradual mode, and even some still outside as the code of conduct and become the social supervision standards. So the development of social supervision always lags behind the cooperation behavior, social supervision, at best can only reflect the cooperative attitude in the whole society in the sense of the average level.
Cooperation is the most important human behavior, its specific evolution process is very complicated. Different cultures can produce different on the complementary knowledge. In the history of these different paths of knowledge itself and no right or wrong, but when the interact adjustment behavior often become the reason of conflict and this difference between justice, damage is very great. Maybe in the next study, we can find some basic cooperation on the complementary knowledge, which is conducive to beg to save the off-site to defuse the crisis and conflict.

【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：F01

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