政治思想制约下的先秦儒、法学派求富思想分析

发布时间：2018-02-05 02:29

本文关键词： 儒家法家富民富国义利赋税本末　出处：《西北大学》2003年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：西周时期，我国进入了宗法奴隶制社会，出现了反映宗法制度和宗法思想的“礼”和“法”。春秋战国时期，是我国由宗法奴隶制向封建制过度的时期，“礼”思潮的兴盛，“德”观念的拓展，促使了礼法的分化，导致了儒学的创立。在战国变法运动中形成的法家与儒家在政治思想上存在着严重的冲突和对立，表现为“礼法之争”和“王霸之辩”。儒、法学派的政治理论截然不同，孔子建立了以“仁”为核心的政治伦理思想体系，孟子主张性善，侧重的概念是“义”，政治理想是实行“仁政”。荀子主张天人相分和人性恶，侧重于“礼”学，因“礼”而推演出一系列具体的“王制”的内容。法家代表人物商鞅强调排斥道德教化，他轻视儒家的“礼乐”，反对效法古代的治世之道。韩非集法家思想之大成，将“法”、“术”、“势”糅合为一，主张以法为教，将“法治”与儒家的“德治”完全对立起来。《管子》学派主张“礼法并用”持比较柔和的政治观点。在政治理论制约下，儒、法代表人物阐述了丰富的求富思想。儒家的代表人物孔子，围绕着“贵义贱利”提出了富民的主张，奠定了中华民族重视农业的传统，孟氏之儒的孟柯，主张“民贵君轻”，在反对“霸道”的同时，提出了富民的具体途径“制民之产”，构建了以生产资料私有制为基础的一家一户，男耕女织的封建生产方式的图景。作为儒家终结者的荀子“兼王霸”，提出了广义的富国论，他提倡“强本”、“节用”、“开源节流”，产生了与法家相似的重农抑商的观点。法家代表人物商鞅，强调富国强兵，他提倡用农战政策来达到“王”的目的，他片面理解农业的作用，把农业与工商业对立起来，提出了“事本禁末”的思想。《管子》学派以“利欲论”为基础，，提倡富国富民，这一学派的主流看到了工商业和农业之间的关系，主张发展工商业，也有一部分代表人物提出了“强本禁末”的观点。韩非提倡通过农战来达到成就霸业的目的，他“重本抑末”，奖励耕战，为秦统一天下奠定了理论与物质的基础。儒、法学派的求富思想在“义利”、“本末”、“赋税”等方面存在着严重的分歧，但他们都要求大力发展社会生产，都把发展农业作为致富的途径，说明儒、法之间存在着和合的趋势。本文从孕育儒、法学派的求富思想的政治背景出发，在分析了他们的政治理论基础的同时，对他们的求富思想进行了系统的阐述，并进行了比较论证。
[Abstract]:During the Western Zhou Dynasty, China entered the patriarchal slavery society, and there appeared the "rites" and "laws" which reflected the patriarchal system and patriarchal thoughts. During the Spring and Autumn period and the warring States period, it was the transition period from patriarchal slavery to feudal system in our country. The flourishing trend of thought of "propriety" and the expansion of the concept of "morality" promoted the differentiation of etiquette and law, which led to the establishment of Confucianism. There were serious conflicts and opposites between Legalists and Confucians in the political ideology of the warring States Movement of Reform. It is manifested as "the dispute of etiquette and law" and "the debate of king's power". The political theory of Confucianism and law school is very different. Confucius established the political ethics thought system with "benevolence" as the core. Mencius advocated the good of nature and emphasized the concept of "righteousness". The political ideal is to carry out "benevolent government". Xunzi advocates the separation of nature and man and human nature evil, and focuses on the study of "propriety". Shang Yang, the representative of the Legalist, emphasized the rejection of moral education, and he despised the Confucian "ritual and music". Against imitating the ancient way of governing the world. Han Fei set the great success of the thought of legalism, "law", "skill", "power" into one, advocated to teach by law. The "rule of law" is completely opposed to the Confucian "rule of virtue". The school of "Guanzi" advocates "the use of etiquette and law" to hold a softer political point of view. Under the restriction of political theory, the representative figures of Confucianism and law elaborated rich thoughts of seeking wealth. Confucius, the representative figure of Confucianism, put forward the idea of enriching the people around "noble righteousness and low interest". Established the Chinese nation attaches importance to the tradition of agriculture, Mencius Confucian Meng Ke, advocated "people and noble monarchs light", in opposition to "hegemonic" at the same time, put forward a specific way to enrich the people "the property of the people." Based on the private ownership of the means of production, this paper constructs a picture of the feudal mode of production in which men and women knit. As the terminator of Confucianism, Xunzi puts forward the theory of "rich country" in a broad sense, and he advocates "strengthening the original". "Saving use" and "opening up sources of income and cutting expenditure" gave rise to a viewpoint similar to that of the Legalists. Shang Yang, a representative figure of the Legalists, stressed the need for a prosperous country and a strong army, and he advocated the use of the policy of peasant warfare to achieve the goal of "king." He had one-sided understanding of the role of agriculture, put agriculture against industry and commerce, and put forward the idea of "prohibiting the end of business". The school of thought advocated rich countries and rich people on the basis of "the theory of desire for profit". The mainstream of this school saw the relationship between industry and industry and agriculture, and advocated the development of industry and commerce. Some of the representatives put forward the idea of "strengthening this and banning the last". Han Fei advocated to achieve the goal of dominating the industry through the agricultural war, and he "stressed the root and suppressed the end" and rewarded the war of ploughing. It laid a theoretical and material foundation for the unification of the world in the Qin Dynasty. There are serious differences in the thought of seeking wealth from Confucianism and the school of law in the aspects of "justice and profit", "the present and the end", "taxation" and so on, but they all demand to vigorously develop social production. Both regard the development of agriculture as a way to get rich, explaining the trend of harmony between Confucianism and law. Starting from the political background of the rich seeking thought of the Confucianism and the school of law, this paper analyzes their political theoretical basis, expounds their thought of seeking wealth systematically, and makes a comparative demonstration.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：F092.2

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