Daniel Kahneman行为经济学思想综述

发布时间：2018-02-21 14:33

本文关键词： 行为经济学风险判断决策框架前景理论　出处：《山东大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 行为经济学的产生在经济学领域引起了很大反响,有人说这是经济学领域的一次革命,但我认为行为经济学更是一种回归,它将经济学中的“人”重新定义到经济学创建最初时的“人”的含义上来。行为经济学创始人Daniel Kahneman及其伙伴Amos Tversky将心理学尤其是认知心理学的研究成果运用到经济学研究领域,开创出了一系列新的经济学概念和理论,包括不确定条件下的风险判断和风险决策、前景理论、决策框架效应理论、偏好逆转理论、禀赋效应和损失厌恶理论等。Kahneman认为在不确定性的条件下,由于人们的认知水平、认知条件和环境不同,人们的决策会系统的偏离期望效用理论的逻辑预测。为此,他经过无数次的实验和研究来分析造成偏离的原因:因为人类存在三种最为典型的启发式偏向,包括代表性偏向(representativeness)、可得性偏向(availability)、锚定效应(anchoring),所以人们在判断和决策时就会受到这些偏向的影响而发生系统性的偏离。在找出原因之后,Daniel Kahneman及其伙伴Amos Tversky渴望能创建出新的理论来解释人们的决策行为。两人于1979年提出了震惊经济学界的“前景理论”,该理论借用“期望效用理论”的框架,将众多心理学研究成果包括上述三种启发式偏向考虑进模型中,较好地解释和预测了人们在不确定条件下的决策过程和结果。此后,两位教授针对前景理论中的理论予以丰富和完善,提出了禀赋效用、现状偏见和损失厌恶等原理,并做了详细的实验和数学上的证实和分析。二十世纪八十年代,Kahneman还与塞勒一起研究公平交换的判断、补偿政策,解决了关于人们如何判断不同经济类型中的交换是否公平的问题。此外,他对效用以及社会福利的研究结果很鲜明的体现了行为经济学不同于传统经济学的地方,尤其是他提出的主观效用可以计量的观点极大的触动了传统经济学的根基。笔者最后对Kahneman教授行为经济学思想的意义也提出了自己的看法。行为经济学和传统经济学就像经济学这棵树上的两个分支,彼此不同,相互独立却又相互影响。文章对Daniel Kahneman行为经济学思想的来源、逻辑发展、主要理论内容以及研究意义予以了详细阐述和分析,期望可以为国内行为经济学的研究提供理论参考,吸引更多的学者研究这一领域,促进其在国内的发展;同时,也期望这门学科能持续发展下去,更好地为人类社会服务。
[Abstract]:The emergence of behavioral economics has caused a lot of repercussions in the field of economics. Some people say it is a revolution in the field of economics, but I think behavioral economics is even more a return. It redefines "human" in economics to the meaning of "human" when economics was founded. Daniel Kahneman, founder of behavioral economics, and his partner, Amos Tversky, applied the research results of psychology, especially cognitive psychology, to the field of economic research. A series of new economic concepts and theories have been developed, including risk judgment and risk decision under uncertain conditions, prospect theory, decision frame effect theory, preference reversal theory. The endowment effect and loss aversion theory, etc. Kahneman thinks that under the uncertainty condition, because people's cognition level, cognition condition and environment are different, people's decision will deviate from the logic forecast of the expected utility theory. He has tried and studied countless times to analyze the reasons for the deviation: because humans have three of the most typical heuristic biases, This includes representativeness, availability and anchoring, so that people are subject to systematic deviations when judging and making decisions. After finding out the cause, Daniel Kahneman and his partner, Amos Tversky, are eager to create something. In 1979, the two men put forward the "prospect theory", which shocked the economic circles, and used the framework of the "expected utility theory" to explain people's decision-making behavior. The results of many psychological studies, including the three heuristic biases mentioned above, are taken into account in the model to better explain and predict the decision-making process and results of people under uncertain conditions. The two professors enriched and perfected the theory of foreground theory, and put forward the principles of endowment utility, current bias and loss aversion. In 1980s, Kahneman also worked with Seler on fair exchange judgment and compensation policies. It solves the question of how people judge whether the exchange between different economic types is fair. In addition, his findings on utility and social welfare clearly reflect the difference between behavioral economics and traditional economics. In particular, his viewpoint that subjective utility can be measured has greatly touched the foundation of traditional economics. Finally, the author puts forward his own views on the significance of Professor Kahneman's thought of behavioral economics. Behavioral Economics and traditional Classics. Economics is like two branches of this tree in economics, This paper expounds and analyzes the origin, logic development, main theoretical content and significance of Daniel Kahneman's behavioral economics. It is expected that it can provide a theoretical reference for the study of domestic behavioral economics, attract more scholars to study this field and promote its development in China. At the same time, it is also expected that the subject can continue to develop and serve human society better.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F224;F06

【引证文献】