控制搭便车行为与提高整体合作水平

发布时间：2018-02-22 05:34

本文关键词： 搭便车者合作社会偏好公共品实验　出处：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在组织领域有关合作的研究中,会观察到整体合作水平逐渐下降的现象,这被称作“合作的衰败”。社会学、行为学和经济学在相关研究中都观察到这个现象并且对此进行了深入的探讨,现在这已经成为合作领域中跨学科研究的重点话题。有的学者提出,可以从个体社会偏好的异质性出发寻找“合作的衰败”的解决思路。根据社会偏好的不同,可以把个体分成“合作者”(Cooperator)、“互惠者”(Reciprocator)、“搭便车者”(Free-rider)等类型。互惠者是有条件合作者,行为受到合作信念的影响,只有在认为他人也会合作的情况下,互惠者才会选择合作,大多数人都属于这个类型。苏黎世大学的Urs Fischbacher, Simon Gachter和Ernst Fehr三位教授在2001年发表论文指出,搭便车者的行为会影响互惠者的合作信念,使得互惠者也逐渐不愿意合作,从而出现“合作的衰败”。2005年,Robert M. Burlando与Francesco Guala两位学者在总结现有文献的基础上,提出了以公共品实验为基础的有效识别参与者类型的四个步骤；他们还把不同类型的参与者分别成组再次进行公共品实验,结果发现整体合作水平显著提高。本篇论文是建立在四组公共品实验的基础上的。第一组实验是参考前人方法,把参与者分成合作者C、互惠者R、搭便车者F和噪音N四个类型。在第二组的公共品实验中把搭便车者独立成组,但在本次实验中整体合作水平并没有显著提高,原因可能是样本中不同类型参与者的比例不同。此后,我们把研究重点转向搭便车者。前人认为,搭便车者在任何情况下都不会合作,我们通过文献综述和逻辑分析反驳了这个观点：搭便车者的行为是可以被影响而改变的。我们尝试设计情境影响搭便车者使其愿意合作,避免影响互惠者的合作信念,从而防止“合作的衰败”出现。我们从人性的假说出发设计第三组和第四组实验,分别通过经济因素和心理因素影响搭便车者的行为。第三组实验是在公共品实验之后附加有成本的惩罚环节,赋予其他参与者付出小额成本惩罚搭便车者使其损失经济收益的权利。第四组实验的设计参考社会心理学的焦点效应研究框架,让搭便车者宣布每轮实验结果。数据显示,经济因素影响搭便车者的行为并不能显著提高整体合作水平,心理因素影响则能有效减少搭便车行为的出现并且显著提高整体合作水平。
[Abstract]:In the study of cooperation in the organizational field, a gradual decline in the overall level of cooperation is observed, which is called "the decline of cooperation". Both behaviorism and economics have observed this phenomenon in related studies and have made a thorough study of it. Now it has become a key topic in interdisciplinary research in the field of cooperation. Some scholars have suggested, Based on the heterogeneity of individual social preferences, we can find a solution to the decline of cooperation. According to different social preferences, individuals can be divided into such types as "cooperator", "reciprocity", "hitchhiker" and "hitchhiker". Behavior is influenced by cooperative beliefs, and the mutuals choose to cooperate only if they think that others will cooperate, most of whom fall into this category. In a paper published in 2001 by Urs Fischbacher, Simon Gachter and Ernst Fehr of the University of Zurich, The behavior of hitchhiker will influence the cooperative belief of the reciprocity, and make the reciprocal person unwilling to cooperate gradually, which will lead to the "decline of cooperation". In 2005, two scholars, Robert M. Burlando and Francesco Guala, summarized the existing literature. Four steps are proposed to effectively identify the types of participants based on public goods experiments, and they also conduct public goods experiments in groups of different types of participants. The results show that the overall level of cooperation is significantly improved. This paper is based on four groups of public goods experiments. The first group of experiments is to refer to previous methods. The participants were divided into four types: cooperator C, reciprocal R, hitchhiker F and noise N. in the second group of public goods experiments, the hitchhikers were grouped independently, but the overall level of cooperation did not improve significantly in this experiment. The reason may be that the percentage of different types of participants in the sample varies. After that, we turned our research to hitchhikers. We refute this argument through literature review and logical analysis: the behavior of hitchhikers can be influenced and changed. We try to design situations that affect the hitchhiker's willingness to cooperate and avoid influencing the mutually beneficial person's cooperative beliefs. In order to prevent the decline of cooperation, we designed the third and 4th groups of experiments based on the hypothesis of human nature. The behavior of hitchhiker was influenced by economic factors and psychological factors respectively. The other participants were given the right to pay a small cost to punish hitchhikers for losing economic benefits. 4th groups of experiments were designed to refer to the focus effect research framework of social psychology, in which the hitchhiker announced the results of each round of the experiment. The influence of economic factors on the behavior of hitchhikers can not significantly improve the overall level of cooperation, psychological factors can effectively reduce the emergence of free-rider behavior and significantly improve the overall level of cooperation.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：F069.9

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