经济人的行为动机分析

发布时间：2018-07-06 20:30

本文选题：经济人 + 动机　；参考：《辽宁大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 经济人是经济学的重要假设,利己、利他与最大化是经济人的三大特征。自斯密奠定经济人在经济学中的历史地位之后,自利行为适应市场经济的发展,成为分析经济问题、解释经济现象的重要工具。在现实生活中,经济人的自利最大化行为作为经济学的一个假设,虽然不能表明是对人类实际行为的最好近似,但是却有效地揭示了现实经济中的人的行为。利他在斯密的描述中,是与利己相对立的一个经济学术语,是对利己效用的一种削弱。虽然经济人自出现之后就不乏批评,但是经济学中的各个流派在建立了自己不同学说之余,大多都坚持了经济人上述三个特征。近几年来,对利他问题的研究开始逐渐增多,在深入研究的同时,人们纷纷指责自利行为,认为狭隘的自利行为假设阻碍了对一些非常有意义的经济关系的研究,利己无法正确解释利他,经济人遭到了史无前例的责难。本文共分五部分对经济人的行为动机进行分析,具体安排如下: 第一部分为导言部分,主要介绍了本文的选题意义与目的,在文献综述中重点介绍了经济人从产生至今所引发的争论与批判,以及伦理学与行为经济学对经济人思想的挑战。同时还介绍了文章中经常出现的几个重要概念,并对论文的结构安排和创新之处做了简要的介绍。第二部分为文章中的第一章,主要围绕着经济人展开了简单的理论回顾。对于经济主体的利己、利他研究要追溯到经济学的研究对象上面。经济学是一门十分特殊的学科,它可以容纳不同的观点,允许各个学派百家争鸣。正因为这样,在处理经济学研究对象问题上,不同的学派给予了不同的定义与解释,同时也包含了不同的经济人思想。本文通过分析得出,经济学的研究对象应该是市场经济中人的行为,经济主体——经济人利己和利他的研究是经济学的重要内容。此外,任何理论的研究都不能没有历史的资源,本章还重点介绍了经济人在经济思想史上发展的历程,包含斯密前、斯密、古典经济学派、历史学派、边际效用学派、新古典经济学派、制度学派、行为经济学等等,他们从本学派的研究对象出发,建立了不同的经济人体系。第三部分为文章中的第二章,重点介绍了马克思主义的经济人思想渊源以及马克思的经济人思想,这同样也是一个争议性较大的话题。马克思创立的经济学说敲响了资产阶级的丧钟,他被视为整个资产阶级的敌人,可是在东方,马克思的经济学说却被视为无产阶级的圣经。经济人作为资产阶级的思想源于西方,似乎在意识形态上与马克思主义水火不容,但是马克思对于经济人的揭示却是史无前例的,以它为依据,我们可以科学地解释经济学中存在的比较困惑的几个话题即原始社会存不存在经济人、计划经济时期存不存在经济人、共产主义社会存不存在经济人,这必将又是对马克思主义科学性的一个证明。第四部分为文章中的第三章,将围绕利己与利他的定义展开,并结合经济发展实际扩大了利己的内涵,探讨了利己与利他互为矛盾、互为统一的关系。经济学的各个流派为了支撑自己的理论体系,提出了不尽相同的经济人理论,尤其是近几年,利他成为经济学研究的新的热点,利己的研究则显得相对冷淡,而对于利己的研究此时也并没有达到尽善尽美的境地,利己内涵方面的研究还一片空白。本章尝试把利己行为的内涵划分为七种形式,并针对利己与利他的关系,提出了一个可以反映社会福利水平的指标——福利辐射指数,这个系数可以较为清晰地反映利己和利他所占份额的大小对社会福利水平的贡献,此外,还进一步分析了利己和利他博弈的实际案例。第五部分为文章中的第四章,是对文章基本内容的概括性总结,并对尚需要进一步研究的问题做了简要说明。本文的主要内容包括:第一,在经济学发展的不同阶段,经济学的研究对象各不相同,经济学的研究对象不同揭示了各个学派所持经济人观点的不同。第二,对斯密的经济人、马克思的经济人都进行了全面的探索,同时发现在原始氏族社会、共产主义社会都不适合使用经济人理论,而计划经济时期经济人的存在具有特殊性。第三,对利己的内涵进行了全面揭示,揭示了经济人的利己与利他的真实关系。第四,应用利己、利他的关系揭示了一些经济问题和经济现象的真实本质,增强了经济人解释实践的能力。文章提出进一步要研究的问题是:在第四章研究中所提出的福利辐射指数还需要进一步技术化,同时对利己和利他的博弈问题还需要进一步地细化。文章尝试在下面几个方面作出创新: 第一,重新梳理了经济学的研究对象。第二,探讨了马克思的经济人思想。第三,对于利己含义的划分是一个较为大胆的尝试。第四,对于利己和利他关系的研究也开拓了一个全新的思路。第五,在研究方法上也将突破个人主义方法论和整体主义方法论分离的局面,在研究当中把二者有效地结合,抛弃了使用方法论上的人为色彩。第六,根据利己和利他的关系提出了福利辐射指数,并运用经济事实加以证明,得出在经济领域人的利己行为将随着个人与物质关系的弱化而逐渐演变,物质上的利己将逐渐让位于精神上的利己,人的经济行为动机在物质层面上将要建立起瑰丽无比的精神大厦,而这个美轮美奂的大厦将成为经济主体行为选择的主流,这也将成为经济学说发展的主流。
[Abstract]:The economic man is an important hypothesis of economics, the egoism, the altruism and the maximization are the three characteristics of the economic man. Since Smith laid the historical position of the economic man in economics, self-interest is adapted to the development of the market economy and becomes an important tool to analyze the economic problems and explain the economic phenomena. In real life, the self profit of the economic man is maximized. As an assumption of economics, although it can not be shown as the best approximation of human actual behavior, it effectively reveals the behavior of people in the real economy. In his description, altruism is an economic term relative to egoism, a weakening of egoism. Criticism, but all the schools in economics have set up their own different doctrines, most of which insist on the above three characteristics. In recent years, the study of altruism has gradually increased. At the same time, people have criticized self interest, and the assumption of narrow self-interest has hindered some very intentional. The study of the economic relations of righteousness, egoism can not explain altruism correctly, and the economic man has been condemned for an unprecedented time.
This article is divided into five parts to analyze the motives of economic men.
The first part is the introduction, which mainly introduces the significance and purpose of this topic. In the literature review, it focuses on the debate and criticism caused by the economic man from the present, and the challenges of ethics and behavioral economics to the thought of the economic man. The structure and innovation are briefly introduced.
The second part is the first chapter of the article, which focuses on the simple theoretical review of the economic people. For the egoism of the economic subject, the altruism research should be traced back to the object of economics. Economics is a very special subject, which can hold different views and allow each school to contend. On the subject of economics of science and economics, different schools give different definitions and explanations, and also include different economic people's thoughts. Through the analysis, this article concludes that the object of economics should be human behavior in the market economy, and the economic subject, the egoism and the altruism, are the important contents of economics. The study of any theory can not be without historical resources. This chapter also focuses on the development of economic people in the history of economic thought, including Smith before, Smith, classical economics school, history school, marginal utility school, neo classical economics school, institution school, behavioral economics and so on. They set out from the research object of this school. A different system of economic people.
The third part is the second chapter of the article, focusing on the ideological origin of Marx's economic man and the thought of Marx's economic man. This is also a controversial topic. The economic theory founded by Marx sounded the funeral bell of the bourgeoisie. He was regarded as the enemy of the whole bourgeoisie, but in the East, Marx The economic theory is regarded as the proletarian Bible. The economic man, as the bourgeois thought, originated from the west, seems to be incompatible with the ideology of Marx, but Marx's Revelation to the economic man is unprecedented. Based on it, we can explain some of the more puzzled problems in economics. The topic is that the primitive society does not exist the economic man, the economic man is not existed in the planned economy period, and the Communist society does not exist in the existence of the economic man. This will certainly be a proof of the scientific nature of Marx's doctrine.
The fourth part is the third chapter of the article, which will be carried out around the definition of egoism and altruism, and expand the connotation of egoism in the light of the actual economic development, and discuss the contradiction between egoism and altruism and the unity of each other. In order to support their theoretical system, various schools of economics have put forward different theories of economic man, especially in the near future. In the past few years, altruism has become a new hot spot in economics research, and the study of egoism is relatively cold, and the study of egoism has not reached the perfect situation at this time, and the research on the connotation of egoism is still blank. This chapter tries to divide the connotation of egoism into seven forms, and put forward the relationship between egoism and altruism. An index that can reflect the social welfare level, the welfare radiation index, can clearly reflect the contribution of the size of egoism and altruism to the social welfare level. In addition, the actual cases of egoism and altruism game are further analyzed.
The fifth part is the fourth chapter of the article, which is a general summary of the basic contents of the article and a brief description of the problems that need further study. The main contents of this article include: first, the subjects of economics are different in different stages of economic development, and the different subjects of Economics have revealed the various schools of economics. The different views of the economic people. Second, for Smith's economic man, Marx's economic people have all carried out a comprehensive exploration. At the same time, it is found that in the primitive clan society, the Communist society is not suitable for the use of economic man theory, and the existence of the economic man in the planned economy is special. Third, the connotation of egoism is uncovered in an all-round way. It shows the real relationship between the egoism and the altruism of the economic man. Fourth, the application of egoism, the relationship of altruism reveals the true nature of some economic and economic phenomena and enhances the ability of the economic people to explain the practice. The article puts forward that the further study is that the welfare radiation index proposed in the fourth chapter also needs further technique. At the same time, the game of egoism and altruism needs to be further refined.
The article tries to make innovations in the following aspects:
First, re combing the object of economics research. Second, it discusses Marx's economic man thought. Third, the division of the meaning of egoism is a more bold attempt. Fourth, the study of egoism and altruism has also opened up a new idea. Fifth, the research method will also break through the individualist methodology and the whole In the study of the separation of the methodology of body theory, the two parties are effectively combined and abandoned the human color in the use of methodology. Sixth, the welfare radiation index is put forward according to the relationship between egoism and altruism, and the economic facts are used to prove that the egoism behavior of people in the economic field will weaken with the relationship between individual and material. Gradual evolution, the physical egoism will gradually let the spirit of self-interest, the motive of human economic behavior will be in the material level to build a magnificent spiritual building, and this magnificent building will become the mainstream of economic behavior choice, which will also become the mainstream of the development of economic theory.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：F011

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