中古时期英国农民的经济思想
发布时间：2018-07-31 06:32
【摘要】： 任何一个社会的世界观都包括人们对所有权和财富的看法,这种看法不仅属于政治经济学的范畴,而且也包括在思想意识范畴之内,并引导人们不断实现自身所追求的经济目标。英国农民在追求物质财富的同时,逐渐形成和发展了他们的经济思想,本文试图分三个部分对其进行分析和论述。 第一部分主要论述中古时期英国农民经济思想的渊源。罗马统治和日耳曼传统对中古时期英国农民的经济思想产生了很大影响。罗马社会强烈的财产意识和经济观念,在英格兰得以传承和延续。而日耳曼民族本是游牧民族,在他们的观念中,牲畜是私有财产的主要形式,因此,日耳曼民族的经济理念突出地表现在对动产的占有和保护上。后来,随着农业生产的发展,农民对土地的渴望上升,土地逐渐取代牲畜成为最主要的财产形式。并且,他们自古以来就有明确的经济私有观念。 第二部分主要从普通法和习惯法的角度,论述农民争取个人经济权利的意识。由于普通法的保护对象是自由人及其经济权利,因此,在普通法体制下英国自由民的经济权利受到法律和王室的保护,并且拥有对其财产的处置权。可以说这与实质上的私人财产权并无本质区别。即便处在社会最底层的维兰也有一定的经济权利。虽然他们不受普通法的保护,但由于习惯法在中世纪英国农村的强势地位,他们可以利用习惯法的力量维护自己的经济权利,甚至能够无阻碍地买卖土地、抵押和雇用牲畜以及随意处置属于自己的财产。 第三部分主要论述中古时期英国农民经济思想的发展趋向。在土地经营模式上,由于公地制度下劳动生产率的低下和极大浪费,农民开始通过购买和交换条田的方式将土地集中起来,并加以圈占,从而逐渐形成个人土地所有制。为了追求更大的土地利润,一些小型庄园的所有者开始利用雇工经营,将生产面向市场,逐渐建立起一种新型的经济组织,从而改变了土地的经营模式。正是由于商品经济的发展和市场的活跃,部分农民开始从事与市场密切相关的非农业性经济活动,同时,农民之间开始进行经济交往,并建立起一种横向的经济联系。以上经济行为的发生,表明中古英国农民的致富理念开始朝着多元化的方向发展。 总之,中古时期英国农民的经济思想体现了西方人固有的经济民主观、个人主义以及对物质财富锲而不舍的追求精神。
[Abstract]:The world view of any society includes people's views on ownership and wealth, not only in the realm of political economy, but also in the realm of ideology. And guide people to achieve their own economic goals. British farmers have gradually formed and developed their economic thoughts while pursuing material wealth. This paper attempts to analyze and discuss them in three parts. The first part mainly discusses the origin of British peasant economic thought in middle ancient times. Roman rule and Germanic tradition had a great influence on the economic thought of the English peasants in the middle ancient times. The strong sense of property and economy in Roman society was passed on and continued in England. The Germanic nationality is a nomadic nation, in their concept, livestock is the main form of private property, therefore, the economic concept of Germanic nationality is prominently reflected in the possession and protection of movable property. Later, with the development of agricultural production, farmers' desire for land rose, land gradually replaced livestock as the main form of property. And they have had a clear sense of economic private ownership since ancient times. The second part mainly from the common law and the customary law angle, elaborated the farmer to strive for the individual economic right consciousness. Because the common law protects the free person and its economic rights, the economic rights of the English free people are protected by the law and the royal family under the common law system, and they have the right to dispose of their property. It can be said that there is no essential difference between this and the real private property right. Even Veran, at the bottom of society, has some economic rights. Although they were not protected by common law, due to their strong position in medieval English countryside, they could use the power of customary law to defend their economic rights and even to buy and sell land without hindrance. Mortgage and hire livestock and dispose of property that belongs to you at will. The third part mainly discusses the development trend of the British peasant economic thought in the middle ancient times. In the mode of land management, due to the low productivity and great waste of labor under the common land system, farmers began to centralize and occupy the land by buying and exchanging strip fields, thus gradually forming the individual land ownership system. In order to achieve greater land profits, some owners of small manors began to use hired workers to operate, to produce to the market, and gradually set up a new economic organization, thus changing the land management model. It is precisely because of the development of commodity economy and the active market that some farmers begin to engage in non-agricultural economic activities closely related to the market, at the same time, the farmers begin to carry out economic exchanges and establish a horizontal economic relationship. The above economic behavior shows that the medieval British farmers' idea of becoming rich began to develop in the direction of diversification. In a word, the economic thought of the British peasants in the middle ancient times embodied the inherent economic democracy, individualism and the persistent pursuit of material wealth.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：F091.2
[Abstract]:The world view of any society includes people's views on ownership and wealth, not only in the realm of political economy, but also in the realm of ideology. And guide people to achieve their own economic goals. British farmers have gradually formed and developed their economic thoughts while pursuing material wealth. This paper attempts to analyze and discuss them in three parts. The first part mainly discusses the origin of British peasant economic thought in middle ancient times. Roman rule and Germanic tradition had a great influence on the economic thought of the English peasants in the middle ancient times. The strong sense of property and economy in Roman society was passed on and continued in England. The Germanic nationality is a nomadic nation, in their concept, livestock is the main form of private property, therefore, the economic concept of Germanic nationality is prominently reflected in the possession and protection of movable property. Later, with the development of agricultural production, farmers' desire for land rose, land gradually replaced livestock as the main form of property. And they have had a clear sense of economic private ownership since ancient times. The second part mainly from the common law and the customary law angle, elaborated the farmer to strive for the individual economic right consciousness. Because the common law protects the free person and its economic rights, the economic rights of the English free people are protected by the law and the royal family under the common law system, and they have the right to dispose of their property. It can be said that there is no essential difference between this and the real private property right. Even Veran, at the bottom of society, has some economic rights. Although they were not protected by common law, due to their strong position in medieval English countryside, they could use the power of customary law to defend their economic rights and even to buy and sell land without hindrance. Mortgage and hire livestock and dispose of property that belongs to you at will. The third part mainly discusses the development trend of the British peasant economic thought in the middle ancient times. In the mode of land management, due to the low productivity and great waste of labor under the common land system, farmers began to centralize and occupy the land by buying and exchanging strip fields, thus gradually forming the individual land ownership system. In order to achieve greater land profits, some owners of small manors began to use hired workers to operate, to produce to the market, and gradually set up a new economic organization, thus changing the land management model. It is precisely because of the development of commodity economy and the active market that some farmers begin to engage in non-agricultural economic activities closely related to the market, at the same time, the farmers begin to carry out economic exchanges and establish a horizontal economic relationship. The above economic behavior shows that the medieval British farmers' idea of becoming rich began to develop in the direction of diversification. In a word, the economic thought of the British peasants in the middle ancient times embodied the inherent economic democracy, individualism and the persistent pursuit of material wealth.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：F091.2
【参考文献】
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