现代西方两大哲学思潮对西方经济学方法论的影响

发布时间：2018-08-02 09:23

【摘要】： 在人类历史的长河中，哲学与经济学之间的联系是密切和普遍的，其中方法论是架起二者联系的桥梁之一。哲学作为“时代精神的精华”要关注经济学，要为经济学提供世界观和方法论的指导，没有哲学基础的经济学不是完整的经济学；同理，经济也要为哲学提供丰富的养料，并通过经济学方法论推进经济思想的形成和经济理论的建构。哲学与经济学在方法论层面上的互动与渗透促进了两大学科的共同发展。 19世纪中叶在资本主义社会诞生的科学主义思潮和人本主义思潮为西方经济学方法论的形成、发展奠定了坚实的哲学基础，对新古典经济学和当代西方经济学都产生了广泛和深刻的影响。特别是在以逻辑实证主义、证伪主义和历史主义为代表的科学哲学的影响下，经济学的方法论已经发展出一整套的分析框架与工具，基本特征是建立在“理性人”假设基础上的公理化的实证的逻辑演绎方法，最突出的表现是数学在经济学中的广泛应用，并正在向着更为精密与恢弘的体系演进。本文认为，经济学之所以被称为“社会科学皇冠上的明珠”，归根到底是因为较之其他社会学科，经济学更彻底地在理论建构和研究中贯彻了科学哲学对方法论的要求。但所有这些，都受到当今经济世界的复杂性、不确定性和偶然性事件的撞击和挑战。尽管经济学是关于利益关系的讨论，但却是对人的利益关系的讨论，因此，经济学家不能没有人文关怀，不能没有必要的社会责任感。思想史上但凡著名的经济学家，都有自己执着的经济哲学观和对道德情操的特别强调。人本主义思潮以人为本的哲学思想、以非理性主义为特点的方法论同样在西方主流和非主流经济学方法论中得到回应，并有进一步影响西方主流经济学方法论发展的倾向。当代西方哲学向生活世界的回归、科学哲学的非理性化、后现代主义思潮的兴起，导致科学哲学与人本主义哲学在并立中融合，进而影响西方经济学方法论从“唯科学主义”的一元化方法向多元化迈进，使经济学方法论在具有理性的实证方法论的同时强调人本精神，呼唤人文关怀。诸多实证研究表明，现代西方两大哲学思潮在实证主义批判、人本主义批判等方面，充分显示出了其牵动经济学范式革命的张力。因此，，笔者认为理解经济学方法论的途径在于，运用来源于哲学上的观点、思维、方法，考察经济学方法论的发展史。基于这种认识，本文主要通过分析西方两大哲学思潮：科学主义思潮和人本主义思潮对西方各种经济思想理论、方法的形成和发展产生的影响和作用，来梳理西方两大哲学思潮的变迁所引起的经济学方法论的变迁史，从而批判地吸收、借鉴西方经济学的研究方法体系研究中国经济问题，椎进中国经济学方法论的进一步发展，为建设有中国特色的社会主义市场经济服务。
[Abstract]:In the long river of human history, the relationship between philosophy and economics is close and universal, in which methodology is one of the bridges that link the two. Philosophy, as the essence of the spirit of the times, should pay attention to economics and provide the guidance of world outlook and methodology for economics, and economics without philosophical basis is not a complete economics. In the same way, the economy should provide rich nourishment for philosophy, and promote the formation of economic thought and the construction of economic theory through economic methodology. The interaction and infiltration of philosophy and Economics on the methodology level promoted the common development of the two major disciplines.
In the middle of the nineteenth Century, the thought of scientism and humanism in the capitalist society had laid a solid philosophical foundation for the formation of western economic methodology, and had a wide and profound influence on the neoclassical economics and contemporary western economics, especially in the case of logical positivism, falsification and historical owners. Under the influence of the philosophy of science, the methodology of economics has developed a complete set of analytical framework and tools. The basic feature is the logical deduction method based on the hypothesis of "rational man", which is based on the hypothesis of "rational man". The most outstanding performance is the extensive application of Mathematics in economics and is becoming more precise and extensive. In the final analysis, the reason why economics is called "the Pearl of the crown of social science" is, in the final analysis, because it is more thorough in the theoretical construction and study of the requirements of methodology in theoretical construction and research than in other social disciplines. But all of these are complicated and uncertain in the current economic world. The impact and challenge of sexual and accidental events. Although economics is a discussion about the relationship of interest, it is a discussion of the relationship of people's interests. Therefore, economists can not have no humanistic care without the necessary sense of social responsibility. All the famous economists in the history of thought have their own persistent economic philosophy and moral sentiment. In particular, the philosophical thought of humanism based on humanism and the methodology characterized by non rationalism are also responded to in the western mainstream and non mainstream economic methodology, and have a further influence on the development of western mainstream economics methodology. The rationalization and the rise of postmodernism lead to the integration of philosophy of science and humanistic philosophy in the same way, and then influence the western economic methodology from the uniformed method of "Scientism" to pluralism, so that the economic methodology emphasizes human spirit and calls for humanistic care at the same time with rational empirical methodology.
A number of empirical studies have shown that the two major philosophical thoughts in the modern West have fully demonstrated their tension in the revolution of economic paradigm in the aspects of positivist criticism and humanism criticism. Therefore, the author believes that the way to understand the methodology of economics lies in the use of philosophical ideas, thinking, methods, and economic methodology. Based on this understanding, this article mainly analyzes the influence and effect of the two western philosophies of thought: the ideological trend of scientism and humanism on the formation and development of various western economic thought theories and methods, combing the history of the changes of economic methodology caused by the changes of the two western philosophies of thought, and thus criticizing it. Absorb and draw lessons from the research methodology system of western economics.
China's economic problems have entered into the further development of the methodology of Chinese economics for the purpose of building a society with Chinese characteristics.
To serve the market economy.
【学位授予单位】：武汉科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2002
【分类号】：F011

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